The interrelationships and interaction of peoples ' cultures is one of the most characteristic features of human progress and the development of world culture. "Every nation can and should learn from others," wrote Karl Marx. The history of world development fully confirms this conclusion: the more developed a nation is, the more it needs to exchange material and spiritual values.

One of the most important results of the development of capitalism, the founders of scientific communism considered that the fruits of the spiritual activity of individual nations were becoming common property, that national one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness were becoming more and more impossible. 2 V. I. Lenin formulated the conclusion that even under capitalism the entire economic, political and spiritual life of mankind was becoming more and more internationalized .3
The Program of the CPSU, based on an analysis of the development of Soviet society, states that in the process of establishing socialism, the ideological unity of nations and nationalities, the rapprochement of their cultures, is strengthened; a single international culture is formed. "By attaching decisive importance to the development of the socialist content of the cultures of the peoples of the U.S.S.R.," the CPSU Program says, "the party will promote their further mutual enrichment and rapprochement, strengthen their international basis, and thereby form the future unified universal culture of communist society." 4
In recent years, the Communist Party has repeatedly addressed the analysis of the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the development of a single multinational Soviet culture. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev in connection with the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR noted: "Today we can say with full justification: our culture is socialist in content, in the main direction of its development, diverse in its national forms and internationalist in its spirit and character. It is thus an organic fusion of the spiritual values created by all peoples. " 5 Of great scientific-theoretical and practical-political significance is the party's conclusion that in the conditions of mature socialism

1 K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 23, p. 10.

2 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 4, p. 428.

3 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 23, p. 318.

4 "Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", Moscow, 1971, p. 115.

5 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 4, Moscow, 1974, pp. 59-60.

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The task of equalizing the levels of development of peoples, including in the field of cultural life, has already been largely solved. The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU on the 60th anniversary of the Great October reads:: "The de facto equality of all nations and nationalities in all spheres of society has been ensured, culture has flourished - national in form and socialist in content, and a genuine brotherhood of working people has been established, regardless of nationality, a brotherhood united by a common core of interests, goals and Marxist-Leninist ideology." 6
Soviet scientists have already done a lot to generalize the rich experience accumulated in our country of all-round flourishing, mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the formation of a single international culture of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people. From the scientific and theoretical point of view, this problem was thoroughly disclosed in the works of P. N. Fedoseev, A. G. Egorov, M. P. Kim, M. T. Iovchuk, Yu. Ya. Barabash, G. I. Lomidze, A. I. Arnoldov, and others. Scientific analysis of the practice of development and interaction of national cultures, the formation and progress of the entire Soviet multinational culture is given in monographs on the Soviet people as a new historical community of people, 7 and in a number of special works .8 Still, the development of the problem cannot be considered exhausted. First, because life is moving forward, while bringing many new things to the development of the content and forms of cultural life of peoples, to their spiritual unity. The Central Committee of the CPSU, in its Report to the XXV Party Congress, specifically noted the need for an in-depth study of the development of multi-faceted Soviet culture, pointing out the expediency of reflecting in the new Constitution of the USSR the role of the state in the spiritual life of society, in ensuring conditions for the further development of science, public education, and culture. 9 Secondly, due to the lack of development of certain aspects of the problem. In the resolution

6 "On the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution". Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of January 31, 1977, Moscow, 1977, p. 12.

7 M. P. Kim. The Soviet People - a new historical community, Moscow, 1972; "The Soviet People - a new historical community of people," Moscow, 1975; " The Great Soviet People." Kyiv. 1975; "New historical community of people: essence, formation, development", Moscow, 1976; V. P. Sherstobitov. The Soviet people - a monolithic community of builders of communism. M. 1976, et al.

8 A. Najafov. Rapprochement of the cultures of socialist nations. Baku. 1970; K. F. Faseev. National and international in socialist culture. Kazan. 1970; "Fraternal cooperation of the Soviet republics in economic and cultural construction", Moscow, 1971; "National and international in literature, folklore and language". Chisinau. 1971; "International and national in the literature of the East", Moscow, 1972; K. Kh. Khanazarov. Socialist Culture - the Great Conquest of the Soviet people, Moscow, 1972; Yu. V. Harutyunyan, L. M. Drobizheva. Socio-cultural development and rapprochement of nations in the USSR at the present stage. M. 1972; "To the new flourishing of multinational Soviet culture". M. 1973; "Cooperation of the peoples of the USSR in cultural construction". M. 1973; A. G. Agaev. Socialist National Culture, Moscow, 1974; "Fraternal cooperation of the Byelorussian SSR with the Union Republics". Minsk. 1974; K. T. Gizatov. National and international in Soviet art. Kazan. 1974; S. Shermukhamedov. Rastsvet i podzhizhenie natsional'nykh kul'tury narodov SSSR [Flourishing and convergence of national cultures of the peoples of the USSR]. Flourishing and mutual influence of national cultures of the Central Asian republics. Frunze 1975; "Modern ethnic processes in the USSR", Moscow, 1975; "Flourishing and convergence of cultural levels of the peoples of the Volga region". Gorky, 1975; "Development of languages and cultures of the peoples of the USSR in their interrelation and interaction", Ufa, 1976;"International and national in a socialist society". Kyiv. 1976; "Fraternal unity of the peoples of the USSR". Chisinau. 1976; R. B. Suleymanov. Common culture of developed socialism. Alma-Ata, 1976; S. T. Kaltakhchyan. Leninism on the essence of the nation and the way to form an international community of people. Ed. 2-E. M. 1976; M. M. Abaeva. Mutual influence and mutual enrichment of the cultures of socialist nations during the construction of communism. Ashgabat. 1976, et al.

9 See the XXV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Stenographic report, vol. 1, Moscow, 1976, pp. 98, 112.

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The Central Committee of the CPSU "On Literary and Artistic Criticism" of January 21, 1972 drew attention to the fact that the press does not sufficiently analyze the processes of mutual enrichment and rapprochement of the cultures of socialist nations. 10 This remark applies not only to literary critics, but also to philosophers and historians. After all, even the very concept of "rapprochement of national cultures", unfortunately, has not yet been fully clarified in methodological terms. This to some extent hinders the study of the problem, in some ways even makes it difficult to repel anti-communists who speculate on the false thesis about the alleged CPSU "course" for "assimilation of national cultures".

One of the most important aspects of the development of the problem, which until now has practically fallen out of the field of view of researchers, is the study of the mechanism of influence of material production, economic relations in general, on spiritual life, on the relations of peoples in the field of culture. The coverage of this aspect cannot be considered satisfactory either in relation to the development of the history of world culture, or in terms of analyzing the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the formation and development of a single Soviet multinational culture, especially at the present stage. It goes without saying that this aspect of the problem has its own characteristics-in terms of content and forms-even if applied only to various stages of the Soviet country's life. The more mature the economy, and economic relations in general, became as socialism was built and consolidated, the more definite was the transition from the processes of interrelation and interaction of national cultures that were already evident in the past, to deeper and more comprehensive processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, to the functioning of the Soviet multinational culture as a single social organism. In the conditions of developed socialism, a new, higher stage of flourishing and rapprochement of socialist national cultures begins, when they already represent an organic whole - the international culture of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people.

Of course, the main source of social progress - the development of productive forces-has a decisive influence on the manifestation of the regularity of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, on the development of the entire Soviet multinational culture. But it manifests itself in a very multidimensional way, predetermining and fertilizing all the objective factors of interaction between national cultures and its results:

- the growing role of the constantly improving socialist relations of production, which are determined by the social nature of ownership of the means of production and which are characterized by the cooperation and mutual assistance of people, classes and, consequently, nations free from exploitation;

- increasing the impact of the processes of steady convergence in modern conditions of two forms of socialist ownership - national and collective farm;

- strengthening and further development of the unified national economic complex established in the USSR, which is a solid material basis for friendship and cooperation between peoples;

- strengthening the internationalization of all aspects of the life of the peoples of the USSR - economic, socio-political and spiritual, and further deepening this internationalization in connection with the construction of developed socialism in our country and the impact of the scientific and technological revolution;

10 "Questions of the ideological work of the CPSU". Sbornik dokumentov (1965-1973). Izd. 2-e, dop. M. 1973, p. 525.

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- the strengthening of social unity, the formation of social homogeneity in Soviet society, one of the main manifestations of which is the strengthening of the alliance of the working class, the peasantry and the intelligentsia, while the leading role of the working class in this alliance is constantly increasing;

- a steady rapprochement of nations and nationalities in the process of strengthening and developing their friendship and cooperation, as well as strengthening their international unity in every possible way;

- consolidation and further development of the new historical community of people that has developed in our country - the Soviet people.

The impact of these and other socio-economic factors on the spiritual life of peoples is manifested in the fact that they, being objective, generate a social need for spiritual communication, in the mutual influence and interaction of the cultures of nations and nationalities. This is especially true for the nations and nationalities of the USSR during the period of developed socialism - they see mutual communication, the exchange of all their achievements and accumulated experience as one of the most important sources of their progress and increased contribution to the solution of the joint task of building communism.

In one article, it is not possible to consider all the listed socio-economic factors that influence the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, on the development of the international culture of the Soviet people in the conditions of mature socialism. We will therefore focus only on a few of them: (a) the growing role of a single national economic complex in the life and development of each nation, nationality; (b) the steady deepening of the processes of internationalization of peoples ' lives and the increasing impact of the scientific and technological revolution on these processes; (c) the increasing influence of social and class factors, primarily the leading role of the working class, on spiritual communion of peoples; d) the significance of the existence of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people for the development and interaction of national cultures.

* * *

K. Marx and F. Engels concluded, even under the conditions of capitalism, that the mutual relations of nations are determined by the extent to which each of them has developed its productive forces, division of labor, and internal communication .11 The CPSU puts forward as its program task in the economic field-as applied to national relations-the implementation of the course "for the comprehensive development of the economy of the Soviet republics; to ensure the rational distribution of production and the planned development of natural resources, to improve the socialist division of labor between the republics, combining and coordinating their labor efforts, correctly combining the interests of the entire state with the interests of each Soviet republic" 12 . The economic unity of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. is possible, of course, only in conjunction with the steady strengthening of their spiritual unity.

During the years of building socialism and communism in our country, the material basis of friendship and cooperation of peoples has developed and acquired very important importance in the form of the economy of the USSR - a single national economic organism, in which the economic complexes of all the Union republics are organically united. Due to the social nature of property in all the republics and the high level of its socialist development, due to the constantly increasing scale of economic ties between the republics, the economy of the Republic of Belarus is constantly growing.

11 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 3, pp. 19-20.

12 "Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", p. 114.

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each of them occupies its own strictly defined place in the national economy of the whole country, which makes its functioning systematic. This is the social necessity of growing communication, multiplying the forms and methods of cooperation of peoples in building the material and technical base of communism.

The completion of the formation of a single national economic complex on a national scale in the context of the establishment of mature socialism, in essence, meant that at the same time a qualitatively new and highly effective mechanism for interaction between the processes of economic development and national relations, a combination of international and national interests of peoples, was finally formed and successfully functions. A single national economic complex now essentially determines the level of development and main achievements of the national economy of each union and autonomous republic. Now, after the task of equalizing mainly the levels of economic development of the republics has been solved, the joint efforts of all the peoples of the country are being solved to overcome the still existing significant differences between them .13 "On the basis of the unity of our planned socialist economy and the broad initiative of the republics," A. N. Kosygin noted at the XXV Congress of the CPSU in his report on the main directions of development of the national economy of the USSR in 1976-1980, "the tenth five-year plan will continue to further equalize the levels of their development." 14
It is not necessary to prove that if the party has achieved by the time mature socialism is established a common economic life of the peoples ' Soviets inhabiting the Country, if the contribution of each of them to the common cause of building the material and technical base of communism has long depended not only on its own efforts, but also on the degree of cooperation and mutual assistance of all nations, nationalities, and their exchange of natural resources This became possible in many respects also because the processes of interaction, mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the formation and development of a single Soviet multinational culture developed in parallel.

The common economic life of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. and the interaction of their national cultures, as well as cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic and cultural fields, have received a new impetus over the past decade and a half as a result of a number of measures taken by the Party and Government to improve economic management. The former forms, as is well known, were reduced to the system of sovnarkhozy, which in some cases gave rise to parochial tendencies, delayed scientific and technological progress, and hindered the implementation of Lenin's instructions on the allocation of productive forces. All this to some extent hindered the development of the processes of mutual influence of national cultures. At present, the strengthening of the economic unity of peoples is developing simultaneously with the strengthening of their cooperation and mutual assistance in all spheres of cultural life.

At the same time, it is obvious that among the most important methodological and practical-political problems of planning in general, strengthening the unified national economic complex in particular, there remain issues of linking the distribution of productive forces, territorial planning and the flourishing of nations, and the development of national relations. Continuous improvement remains on the agenda

13 For more information, see M. I. Kulichenko. Economic foundations for strengthening the international unity of the Soviet people. "History of the USSR", 1976, N 3.

14 "XXV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". Stenographic report, vol. 2, Moscow, 1976, p. 47.

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forms and methods of inter-republican and inter-regional coordination of economic activities of ministries and departments. It would also be advisable that, along with the general development of these problems, they find their concrete implementation in plans for social, including, if necessary, national, development of the population of certain areas. Thus, the development of the natural resources of Siberia and the Far North in some cases makes fundamental changes in the life, socio-economic and national development of numerically small ethnic groups settled there. In the past decade, this could be seen in the example of the Khanty-Mansiysk National Okrug, whose natural resources are now being developed by workers of more than 30 nationalities and whose efforts have increased the volume of industrial production of the district by 4 times over the years of the ninth five-year plan15 . At the present time and in the coming years, significant changes will inevitably occur in the life of the peoples whose settlement territory will pass the Baikal-Amur Mainline, where specialists and workers of more than 80 nationalities are already working.

In the process of communist construction, joint work, deepening the division of labor based on specialization and cooperative production, and increasing the scale of mutual supplies of the republics to each other are becoming increasingly important in the life of the peoples of the USSR. The party attaches great importance to the creation of territorial production complexes, which often cover the territory and natural resources of adjacent republics, in order to strengthen the common economic life of nations and nationalities. The economic necessity of cooperation between peoples in the economic and cultural fields is due to the fact that, firstly, each republic cannot have all the necessary branches of the national economy-due to the economic inexpediency of their creation, as well as due to limited natural resources; secondly, this would undermine the needs of the division of labor on a national scale, this would weaken the benefits of developing specialization and cooperation. The normal and efficient development of the entire country's economy is provided by about 400 industries, of which the Ukrainian SSR has only about half, the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSR-about a quarter. Even the most economically developed RSFSR has only about 300 branches .16 That is why for the normal functioning of the economy of each republic, and even more so for its steady development, it is necessary to further deepen the common economic life of the peoples, increase the scale of their cooperation. This creates an economic need for further cooperation between the peoples, for their joint strengthening of the unified national economic complex. This need can be clearly illustrated by the example of the Estonian SSR, which has about 150 industries in its economy, and only 18 of them are of purely local importance and can develop independently, without cooperation with enterprises of the fraternal republics .17
A very important reason for the specialization and cooperation of the economies of the union and autonomous republics in a single national economic complex is that due to natural conditions, the level of production technology and differences in qualifications

15 "Sovetskaya Rossiya", 6. II. 1977.

16 V. I. Vyalyas. Vospitanie v dukh sovetskogo patriotizma i sotsialisticheskogo internationalizma [Education in the spirit of Soviet patriotism and socialist internationalism]. 13; A. N. Gladyshev. Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 14; Yu. N. Yelchenko. Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 6; A. U. Salimov. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 27; By N. Kulmatov. Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 18.

17 V. I. Vyalyas. Op. ed., p. 13.

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for workers, the costs of producing a particular product vary significantly. According to A. A. Ivanchenko, there are differences in regional production costs for some of the most important types of products: oil production - by 10-12 times, natural gas - by 6-8 times, iron ore - by 4-5 times, coal - by more than 15 times, paper production-by 5 times. Hence, the economic expediency of specialization and cooperation, strengthening the economic relations of nations and nationalities, and sharing their production experience is obvious. All this contributes to the economy of social labor, accelerates the development of the productive forces, including each nation, as well as overcoming the still existing significant differences in the levels of this development.

The press publishes a lot of data on inter-economic relations and fraternal cooperation between the Union and autonomous republics. Unfortunately, many of them are fragmentary, characterized by a diverse approach and different criteria. Nevertheless, we can also judge from them how important these ties are in the development of nations and their fraternal relations, including in the progress and interaction of national cultures.

In the ninth five-year plan, the Kazakh SSR sent annually to the fraternal republics about a quarter of the gross output of its industry, the Georgian SSR-39, the Latvian SSR - 43.2%- At the same time, the Kazakh SSR met its domestic needs by more than one third at the expense of imports from the fraternal republics, and in 1972 the cost of imports exceeded exports by 2.4 billion rubles. The Georgian SSR imports more than 1 billion rubles ' worth of industrial and agricultural products annually from the RSFSR alone, while only three-quarters of it is covered by its export. The Russian Federation, being the largest among the Union republics, also occupies a major place in their inter-republican economic relations, in particular in export and import. The share of the RSFSR, for example, in the cargo turnover of the Ukrainian SSR is approximately three-quarters. Kazakh SSR - more than half. About half of all products, raw materials and semi-finished products from the RSFSR are also imported by the Estonian SSR and the Georgian SSR18 .

The extent and scope of inter-republican economic relations can be judged, for example,by the fact that the Moldavian SSR is now connected by mutual supplies with 72 economic regions of the USSR, that the Turkmen SSR annually receives about 120 thousand items of products from the fraternal republics, and the Armenian SSR - 35 thousand items. Thousands and thousands of labor collectives are involved in economic relations: about 6 thousand industrial enterprises send their products to the Lithuanian SSR, more than 3,200 to the Turkmen SSR, and about 5 thousand to the Yakut ASSR. The largest industrial enterprises of the country are now connected by thousands and millions of threads with the workers of all fraternal republics, they depend not only on their work, but also on talent, on the level of culture and knowledge. This is clearly seen in the example of the automotive industry: The construction of KAMAZ trucks is now provided by more than 5 thousand large enterprises of all Union republics; 1,240 plants and factories of the country participate in the production of Minsk dump trucks, 400 in Kremenchug; the production of each Zhiguli car is possible only on the basis of cooperation between VAZ and 500 supplier enterprises .19
18 E. A. Shevardnadze. Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia to the XXV Congress of the Communist Party of Georgia. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 21; I. Y. Ivert. Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 26; R. A. Kamshibaev. Economic relations of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata, 1976, p. 26; P. Grishkevichus. In a single, fraternal family. Agitator, 1977, No. 4, p. 20.

19 L. Ya. Smolyakov. Радянський патрiотизм i соцiалiстичний iнтернацiоналiзм невiддiльнi. Киш. 1975, стр. 31; Ю. В. Анисин. Implementation of Lenin's principles-

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Specialization and cooperation, which have become the main indicator of involvement in the socialist division of labor at its current stage of development, now cover both the nations that have their own union republics, and the peoples of autonomous republics, regions, and national districts. Thanks to the efforts of the whole country, the modern economy of each of them was created, and now they occupy a worthy place in the unified national economic complex. From year to year, for example, the role of the Tatar ASSR in the economy of the RSFSR and the whole country is growing. Today, the contribution of this multinational autonomous republic to the total production of the RSFSR is almost a third of oil, about a quarter of associated gas, and a significant part of electronic computers .20 In the reports of A. F. Syutkin and M. Z. Shakirov at the scientific and practical conference "Implementation of Lenin's national policy and topical issues of international education in the light of the decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU" held in October 1976 in Tbilisi, it was noted that the products of its industry (coal, oil, gas, wood, pulp, paper,etc.) are imported from the Komi ASSR. cement, bitumen, etc.) goes to 13 union and 13 autonomous republics, 48 regions and territories of the RSFSR, and it receives the necessary metal, machinery, semi-finished products, raw materials from 14 union and 12 autonomous republics, 46 regions and territories of the RSFSR. From the Bashkir ASSR, the products of the Sterlitamak production association "Soda" are sent to 3 thousand addresses throughout the country, and the Ufa synthetic alcohol plant-to 200 addresses.

It goes without saying that the exchange of products between the union and autonomous republics is not only a property relationship. In essence, they reflect the ever-increasing exchange of material and spiritual values of peoples, deep processes of development and interaction of national cultures. Moreover, the quality of products is now becoming particularly important in the exchange of republics. Meanwhile, its production with the state Quality Mark is very uneven: at the end of the ninth five-year plan, only 7% of these products were produced in the country, and in the Latvian SSR - 8, Estonian-9.6, Belarusian SSR-12.8, while in the Kazakh SSR - 5.3, Georgian SSR - 2, Kyrgyz - 1%. 21 . To solve the task set by the XXV Congress of the CPSU of increasing the efficiency of production and the quality of manufactured products, we need a new rise in national cultures of peoples, further improvement of the forms and methods of their exchange of experience, mutual influence and mutual enrichment.

Socialist competition plays an important role in expanding the exchange of material and spiritual values among peoples. It unites and unites nations and nationalities, strengthens their unity and cooperation in building the material and technical base of communism. Thus, all 25 regions of the Ukrainian SSR compete with 29 regions and autonomous republics of the RSFSR and other union republics. 32 cities, collectives of 970 enterprises, organizations, collective farms and state farms of Ukraine have competition agreements with 49 cities, 161 urban and rural districts, 1142 labor collectives of the RSFSR, Belarusian, Georgian, Moldavian, Uzbek, Armenian, Estonian and other republics. Along with the increase in the scope of socialist competition in industry, it is growing every year

the role of socialist internationalism in communist construction, Moscow, 1975. 14; M. M. Mollaeva. Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 39; K. L. Dallakyan. Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 30.

20 "Sovetskaya Rossiya", 6. II. 1977.

21 "Kazakhstan from congress to congress". Alma-Ata. 1975, p. 14; E. A. Shevardnadze. Edict op., p. 20; "XVII Congress of the Communist Party of Estonia". Tallinn, 1976, p. 4. 12; "Sovetskaya Rossiya", 5. II. 1976.

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its effectiveness in agriculture - workers of collective farms of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR, the Baltic Republics, Transcaucasia and Central Asia successfully compete. It is significant, in particular ,that almost a quarter of all collective farms in the Georgian SSR have contracts for competition with agricultural workers in other republics. 22
The most important form of mutual assistance of peoples is the participation of all the Union republics in the development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth zone of the RSFSR. Envoys of the fraternal republics carry out design and survey work, land reclamation, construction and mechanization of livestock farms here.

In the joint solution of common tasks, the international and national interests of peoples merge, the consciousness and sense of the united family are steadily growing stronger, and the internationalist consciousness is deepening.

* * *

The importance of a single national economic complex for the development of national relations and, in particular, for strengthening the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures is greatly increased due to the fact that developed socialism generates a steady increase in the role of the processes of internationalization of all aspects of life and development of Soviet society. We are now approaching the stage of social development of which Lenin said that socialism completely internationalizes all social life .23
Often in the press, and even by specialists in the field of national relations, internationalization is characterized as a factor of national relations, and some researchers reduce it only to the rapprochement of nations. This is not the case at all. Internationalization is a deep and complex, literally all-encompassing process. It covers: a) the relations of all classes and social groups, labor and educational collectives, and all workers within each nation, nationality, or State; b) the relations of nations, nationalities, and States created by them. Consequently, internationalization is not only not limited to the national aspects of relations between peoples, but these relations are not even the main thing in its content. The point is that internationalization is based not on the national development of peoples and their relations, but on the development of productive forces, the social need for their improvement and the ever-wider exchange of classes and nations in the course of their development in order to accelerate social progress.

The source of internationalization, the social need for its development, lies not in the existence of national communities or even in the expansion of productive forces beyond the borders of a particular nation, but in the development of these productive forces. Of course, it is not only limited to the self-development of the tools of labor and even of each individual, but also includes the entire wealth of social relations, including, consequently, national relations. Nevertheless, internationalization, although in its literal translation this concept is supposed to cover only interethnic factors, is not so much an interethnic phenomenon as a socio-class one, and it is precisely this latter that determines its essence , for example, the capitalist or socialist nature of its manifestation.

Internationalization should in no way be considered as a phenomenon that means the erosion and elimination of the national identity of the life of peoples and individuals. This applies not only to the modern world.-

22 "Dawn of the East", 4. XII. 1976; "Party Life", 1977, N 2, p. 61.

23 See V. I. Lenin, PSS. vol. 23, p. 318.

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at this stage, the stage of developed socialism, but also of all communist construction. At first glance, internationalization seems to weaken the social significance of national factors. But in fact, this is not so at all - this impression is only external, apparent. This is happening, firstly, because the role of interethnic and international factors increases enormously due to internationalization. Secondly, because there is a profound process of enriching and at the same time accelerating the development of all that is national in the life of peoples, and not at the expense of increasing the role of the national-specific in the national, but as a result of strengthening and expanding its international foundations. Under the influence of internationalization, classes and social strata, nations and nationalities have common, international and internationalist features and characteristics. Consequently, the flourishing of nations and nationalities under the influence of internationalization simultaneously brings to their lives both diversity, new in their national specificity, and at the same time increasing similarity. And there is no fundamental contradiction in this- it is a single dialectical process of national and international development in the context of the consolidation of mature socialism and the construction of communism.

Internationalization, being one of the foundations (and not the only foundation, as some researchers often claim) of the development of national relations at the present stage, is still not their main content. First of all, internationalization covers, in addition to national relations, almost all other spheres of social relations, including production, science and technology. Further, it is very important to pay attention to the fact that in national relations, which, of course, also develop primarily on an objective basis, subjective factors, especially moral, psychological, and even emotional factors, play a much greater role in comparison with internationalization, which are less important for the processes of internationalization, and in a number of aspects even less important for the development of international relations. In general, they do not have any important significance, since it is much more based on purely objective factors. Finally, it is impossible not to see that while national relations under mature socialism, along with the above-mentioned objective foundations, are based in the full sense of the word on the ideology and politics, social practice and moral criteria of socialist internationalism, internationalization in many aspects of its development practically falls out of its field of influence.

Of course, if we talk about internationalization in the field of national cultures of the peoples of the USSR, then in the conditions of mature socialism there are its own peculiarities, its own specifics in comparison with its universal, so to speak, content. This specificity lies in the fact that it contributes to the deepening of the socialist, internationalist content of national cultures, an increasing variety of means of its expression and changing their forms, the emergence of common features of the material and spiritual culture of peoples, the formation of their well - known uniformity-while at the same time steadily preserving many specific features.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is of great importance both for internationalization in general and for deepening the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the formation and development of a single international Soviet culture. The scientific and technological revolution exerts an exceptionally profound and growing impact on all aspects of social development, including the development of nations and nationalities, their relations in general, and their relations with each other.

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mutual influence, mutual enrichment of their national cultures in particular. First of all, it causes a steadily growing diversity and intensification of communication between peoples. The mobility of the population - social, territorial, and professional-is constantly increasing. In connection with it and on its basis, the spiritual communication of peoples is being strengthened, especially due to the appearance of the latest means of transmitting information and the increase in its scale in this regard.

The following data indicate an increase in the mobility of the population. In 1975, passenger transportation by rail, air, sea, river and road (buses) increased 3.9 times compared to 1958, while the population of the country increased by only 22.4% during this time. In 1975, only 130 million people participated in tourist trips, and if we keep in mind that all tourist routes in the republics include acquaintance with ancient monuments, with the achievements of peoples under socialism, then the impact of tourism, in general, population movements on the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the development of a single Soviet multinational culture is obvious. If we take into account that the number of TV sets in our country increased by more than 3.5 times in 1965 - 1975, radio receivers-by 1.6 times, broadcast radio points-by almost 1.8 times, then we can imagine how much the scale of mutual influence of national cultures has grown .24
The scientific and technological revolution, along with other factors, has a significant impact on the scale of inter-republican migration of the population. The latter can be considered, especially in the context of the scientific and technological revolution, as one of the most important factors of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, the formation of a single international culture of communist society .25
The scientific and technological revolution has a huge impact on raising the level of general and professional culture of the population, and this has the most significant impact on the development of the individual, on its national characteristics. Thanks to the increased mobility of the population, the emergence of new means of information exchange, an increase in the scale of mutual translations of literature, and many other factors that reflect the essence of the scientific and technological revolution, the mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures has immeasurably deepened and intensified. Its social significance and impact on the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures consists primarily in the fact that it creates a new level of internationalization of all aspects of the life of Soviet society. This is manifested in the fact that the further deepening of the scientific and technological revolution: a) provides more or less the same conditions for material production in all republics; b) determines the need for approximately the same level of development of the culture of peoples and professional training of personnel; c) creates an almost unified approach to technical support and equipment of production; d) accelerates the alignment of indicators social structure of nations, nationalities, accelerates the formation of social homogeneity of society; e) contributes to the development of common features in the material and spiritual life of peoples, in the formation of the personality of the builder of communism, regardless of nationality.

One of the most important sources of interaction of national cultures in the life of the peoples of our country at the present stage, and

24 The author's calculations are based on: "National economy of the USSR in 1965", Moscow, 1966; "National Economy of the USSR in 1975", Moscow, 1976.

25 This issue is partially covered in the monograph: V. N. Shpilyuk. Inter-republican migration and the rapprochement of nations in the USSR. Lviv. 1975.

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The number of sources, mainly due to the development of the scientific and technological revolution, is reduced to the following. It is known that it imposes very high requirements on the level of training of specialists, and also requires a multi-faceted training. In the whole country, in 1965-1975, the output of specialists with higher education increased by 64.7%, and with specialized secondary education-by 66.7% 26 . If we keep in mind that the training of specialists, especially those with the latest qualifications, is rather difficult in a number of republics, then the solution of the problem is of great interest, and precisely in terms of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures. The truly internationalist nature of our system and the resulting multiethnic nature of the population of all the republics, among other factors, have led to the internationalization of the entire process of training specialists, which in itself is a factor of deep interaction between national cultures. Thus, the student family in all universities and technical schools of the republics always has a multinational character, thus educating future specialists in the spirit of socialist internationalism. Students of 77 nationalities study in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of the Uzbek SSR, including Uzbeks-57%, Russians-18.3%, Kazakhs-4.5%, Tatars - 5.9%, Tajiks - 2.4%, Karakalpaks - 2.2%, Ukrainians-1.6%, Jews-1.4%, etc. Students of 60 nationalities study at Tashkent University, 40 at Tajik University, 30 at Kishinev and Turkmen Universities, and 22 at Chernivtsi University .

The communist era, Lenin taught, would be characterized by a growing economy of labor and a steady centralization of the economy .28 This can be seen even now, even in the problem of social development alone-the training of specialists. The Communist Party, while providing all peoples with the most favorable opportunities for creating cadres of specialists, including those of indigenous nationality, still proceeds from the fact that it is economically impractical in each republic to train cadres in absolutely all the specialties that it needs. Therefore, along with the formation of highly qualified personnel in each republic in terms of specialties, they are trained together and where there are the most favorable conditions for this. Thus, out of about 400 qualifications of specialists with higher education required for the national economy and culture of the country, 179 specialties are trained in the Belarusian SSR, 85 in the Estonian SSR, 78 in the Kyrgyz SSR, and 74 in the Moldavian SSR .29 Meeting the needs of the republics for the missing cadres of specialists is carried out through centralized distribution or training in the fraternal republics on the basis of sending secondary school graduates to study in higher education institutions, as well as university graduates to study in graduate school. Thus, according to O. I. Shibanov, the number of graduates of higher education institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR sent to the disposal of all - Union ministries and ministries of the Union republics in 1970-1974 increased from 80 thousand.

26 The author's calculations are based on: "National economy of the USSR in 1965" and "National Economy of the USSR in 1975".

27 "Brotherhood of Peoples and international education". Tashkent, 1974, p. 168; "Uzbek SSR from Congress to Congress". Tashkent, 1975, p. 15; "National economy of the Uzbek SSR in 1974". Tashkent, 1975, p. 324; "Materials on the history of the Communist Party of Tajikistan". Issue 6. Dushanbe. 1975, p. 89, et al.

28 See V. I. Lenin, PSS. Vol. 36, p. 392.

29 G. I. Eremey. New horizons of Moldovan culture. Chisinau. 1976, p. 59; K. A. Gafurova. Internationalism in Action, Moscow, 1976. 49; I. E. Marchenko, S. V. Talapina. Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 43; A. P. Vader. Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 39, et al.

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up to 103 thousand rubles. During the same period, the number of specialists who arrived in the RSFSR from fraternal republics also increased - from 27 thousand to 35 thousand. In 1963-1973, the Uzbek SSR sent 40.5 thousand graduates of its higher and secondary specialized educational institutions to other fraternal republics, while at the same time receiving 28.3 thousand specialists of higher and secondary qualifications. It is characteristic that if we compare the departure and arrival of specialists in 1963-965 and 1971-1973, their ratio can be expressed as 1 :2.7 and 1: 7.9. This eloquently indicates a steady increase in the rate of exchange of specialists between the Union republics, which is also one of the main areas of interaction between national cultures .31
In the life of a number of republics, the mutual influence and mutual enrichment of cultures also occurs in other forms. Thus, during the ninth five-year plan, the Moldavian SSR sent 1,016 secondary school graduates to higher education institutions of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and other fraternal republics. The Moldavian SSR is characterized by another form of improving the level of training of specialists - sending to the fraternal republics to improve the skills of some teachers. In 1971-1975, it sent about 600 university teachers to the fraternal republics for retraining. For the past decade, the Uzbek SSR has been sending 1 thousand applicants annually to pedagogical universities of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR to master the profession of teaching Russian language and Russian literature, as well as about 300 to 500 - to train specialists of other qualifications. In the past five-year period, the Tajik SSR sent about 300 applicants annually to its sister republics in order to train specialists in 92 specialties. In the 1970/71 academic year alone, more than 4,600 students from the Turkmen SSR were trained in higher education institutions of the fraternal republics .32
The scale of internationalization in the sphere of cultural contacts of the peoples of the USSR can be judged by the composition of the intelligentsia of the republics, including the cadres of researchers. Thus, by the time of the last census, the share of Kazakhs in the intelligentsia of the Kazakh SSR was 27.2%, that is, 72.8% of it consisted of representatives of other nationalities. The share of Kazakhs among scientific workers of the republic was 30%. In the Moldavian SSR in 1975, along with 133.7 thousand certified specialists of Moldovans, 137.6 thousand specialists of other nationalities worked. Moreover, if in 1959-1973 the total number of specialists in the republic increased by 1.7 times, then Moldovans-by 2.1, Russians-by 1.8, and Ukrainians-by 1.7 times. It is also characteristic that during the 60s the number of intellectuals of the Moldavian SSR increased by 10.3% due to the arrival of specialists from other republics. In the Uzbek SSR, the share of indigenous personnel in the number of researchers by the end of the ninth five-year plan was 47.6%, and if the total number of researchers increased by 2.7 times in 1960-1974, then the number of indigenous personnel increased by 3.7 times. It is significant that academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR now represent more than 10 nationalities .33
31 For more information, see M. I. Kulichenko. The leading role of the CPSU in ensuring the flourishing and rapprochement of nations. "Questions of the History of the CPSU", 1974, N 2, p. 47.

32 З. З. Богуманова. Development of friendship and cooperation between Tajikistan and the fraternal republics of the USSR in the context of developed socialism. Dushanbe. 1975, p. 22; " Cultural history of Soviet Turkmenistan. 1917 - 1970". Ashgabat. 1975, p. 378; G. I. Eremey. Op. ed., pp. 60, 68; V. A. Grechishin. Socialism and Education, Moscow, 1976, p. 69, et al.

33 Sh. Yu. Tastamov. Soviet experience in the formation and development of the intelligentsia of previously backward peoples. Alma-Ata. 1975, p. 96; " Unity and cooperation of naro-

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While it is important for the peoples of the U.S.S.R. to exchange their achievements, the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment resulting from the strengthening of fraternal ties and cooperation between the peoples of the U.S.S.R. and the Russian socialist nation are of particular importance in the overall mass of cultural contacts. This was stated by the First secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan T. U. Usubaliyev.: "The rise of the Kyrgyz nation and the flourishing of its culture are inextricably linked with a huge increase in interest in the life and culture of other nations, especially the great Russian people. Russian culture and the Russian language are the most fruitful channels of international communication between all the nations and nationalities of our country and their mutual communication. " 34
The above examples show that the problems of preserving and updating the progressive achievements of the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of the USSR are solved in a truly internationalist spirit. This is also evidenced by objective factors, because the basis of this decision is a single national economic complex, common processes of internationalization and the impact of the scientific and technological revolution, and subjective factors, as can be judged by the composition of the intelligentsia in the republics. At the same time, it is important that, firstly, a significant part of the intelligentsia, sometimes up to half, participates in the creation of national values of the indigenous nation that gave its name to the republic; secondly, non-indigenous specialists cannot but contribute certain elements of their national cultures to the newly created values. Thanks to this, the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures are enormously enhanced, and each national culture, as well as the entire multinational culture of the Soviet people, is becoming more and more international in nature.

* * *

The interaction of national cultures, their mutual influence and mutual enrichment, the consolidation and development of the international culture of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people are inextricably linked with the profound processes that are taking place in the social structure of nations and nationalities, especially in connection with the steady consolidation of the social unity of Soviet society, the formation of its social homogeneity. Let us briefly consider the constant and growing influence of the multinational Soviet working class on these processes .35 The forms of this influence are very diverse.

First of all, of course, it should be borne in mind that the founders of scientific communism characterized the working class as an intellectual and moral engine of progress. 36 As Lenin foresaw, the working class, together with its allies, has established full socialism and is now successfully building communism. The Soviet working class, being the main creator of material values and determining the essence of material relations in our society, thereby predestined-

dov of the USSR". Chisinau. 1975, p. 173, 198; "Social Sciences in Uzbekistan", 1975, N 1, p. 54; A. F. Kozhukhar, Ya. S. Yatsenko. XXV Congress of the CPSU on improving the material well-being and cultural level of the Soviet people. Chisinau. 1976, p. 53; M. R. Zezina. Change in the number and composition of the intelligentsia of the Union Republics in the conditions of developed socialism, Moscow, 1976, p. 16.

34 Pravda, 26.11.1976.

35 These problems are reflected in the collection of articles "The role of the Working Class in the development of Soviet Culture" (Moscow, 1976). It opens with M. P. Kim's introductory article "The Working Class and the Cultural Progress of Socialism", which is profound in theory and in the sense of analyzing the socio-class foundations of the development of Soviet multinational culture.

36 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 26, p. 73.

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it is also the essence of spiritual relationships in him. The growing leading role of the Soviet working class in the development of national cultures of peoples, their cooperation and mutual assistance in this most important sphere of public life is inextricably linked with the increasing complexity and scale of the tasks of creating a new classless society.

The influence of the Soviet working class on the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures in the conditions of mature socialism is largely predetermined by the profound processes taking place in its internal life and development: a) as we move towards communism, the level of its social and spiritual maturity increases; b) the working class, being directly connected with the most advanced branches of production, is most affected by the scientific and technological revolution and therefore acts as the main creator and consumer of cultural values, while at the same time performing the main functions of combining the advantages of mature socialism with c) the Soviet working class, while being internationalist in its outlook and character, is at the same time international in its composition, and its national detachments are constantly growing stronger, which makes it possible to strengthen its internationalist influence on all aspects of the life of nations and nationalities, including the formation of the national intelligentsia of the peoples of the USSR We hope for its cooperation and mutual assistance in the field of cultural life of our country.

It is very important that the working class of each Union republic is constantly growing numerically and spiritually, that it is the main carrier and engine of the processes of national development of peoples, including in the field of their culture, and therefore it also acts as an initiator and executor of the social need for communication, mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures. This is largely due to the strengthening of the national detachments of the unified Soviet working class noted above. Over the past decade and a half, the size of the Soviet working class has grown slightly more than 1.5 times. At the same time, it is typical that in six republics its growth varies from 1.5 to 2 times, and in seven-from 2 to 2.9 times. Only in the most industrially developed Russian Federation and the Estonian SSR did the growth rate of the working class fall slightly below the average Union 37 .

Considerable attention was paid to the growing role of the Soviet working class in consolidating mature socialism and building communism at the scientific and theoretical conference "The XXV Congress of the CPSU and the Development of Marxist-Leninist Theory"held in October 1976. Thus, in the report of Academician P. N. Fedoseyev "Theoretical Problems of developed socialism and communist construction", the thesis that during the entire period of the establishment of developed socialism in the USSR, a steady trend in the development of the working class of the union republics was an increase in the share of indigenous workers, and during the ninth five-year plan, this trend became even more pronounced increased intensity. The report provides eloquent statistical data showing the development of this trend: in the Kazakh SSR for the period from 1939 to 1970, the share of indigenous workers increased from 25.6 to 65%, in the Azerbaijan SSR - from 12.2 to 50, in the Georgian SSR - from 12.4 to 47.1, in the Kyrgyz SSR-from 7.5 to 41, in Armenia-from 21.5% to 60%. Based on the above data, P. N. Fedoseev made a reasoned conclusion that the overall growth in the number of the Soviet working class and the alignment of its national-

37 The author's calculations are based on: "National economy of the USSR in 1970" and "National Economy of the USSR in 1975".

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It is the most important factor in increasing the leading influence of the working class in the life of all socialist nations, the basis for further strengthening the friendship of peoples and the internationalist education of the working people.

This is also the key to new successes in deepening the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures, and the successful development of a single Soviet international culture. It is important to emphasize this even if the process of increasing the share of national cadres in the working class of a number of republics is certain. The fact is that, first of all, this does not prevent the development of the process of growing multiculturalism - in the Georgian SSR, for example, in 1939-1976, the share of Georgian workers in the total number of the working class increased from 12.4% to 47.1%, but this did not prevent the simultaneous increase in its multiculturalism-in its ranks now representatives of 80 nationalities. In the Moldavian SSR, the share of Moldavian workers increased from 39.6% to 60% in 1959-1975, and now the working class of the republic includes representatives of more than 20 nationalities. These processes, therefore, not only do not weaken, but rather strengthen the internationalist influence of the working class on the broad masses of working people, its influence on the rapprochement of national cultures .38
For the development of the national cultures of the peoples of the USSR and their interaction, the growth of the common culture of the working class at the present stage is important. This is shown, in particular, by the fact that if only 84 people had higher and secondary (full and incomplete) education per 1,000 workers in 1939, then in 1959 - 396, in 1970 - 586, and in 1976 - already 715 people. The collective-farm peasantry, whose corresponding figures were 18, 226, 393, and 537 people, is also increasingly being drawn up to the level of the working class. There is a significant convergence between the levels of education of the working class and the peasantry, the ratio of which for 1939 was 1 :4.7, for 1959-1: 1.7, for 1970-1: 1.5, and for 1976-1: 1.3 39 .

It is also very important that over the past decades, the problem of equalizing the level of education of different nations has been largely solved. According to the calculations of L. N. Kogan, the ratio of higher and lower levels of secondary and higher (full and incomplete) education in 1939 was 1: 4.5, and in 1970-1 : 1.4, that is, there was a reduction of 3.2 times. According to specific sociological studies conducted in the Kazakh SSR, the difference between the level of education of indigenous and non-indigenous workers, mainly Kazakhs and Russians, has disappeared in recent decades. In the production association "Karagandaugol" in 1950, 41% of workers had secondary and incomplete secondary education, including Kazakh workers-30.2%, and in 1975-90.2% and 89.8%, respectively 40 .

The influence of national cadres of the working class on the development of the culture of each nation and of the entire international working class of the U.S.S.R. on the progress of Soviet multinational culture is steadily increasing. This, in particular, is determined by the measures taken by the Communist Party and the Soviet State to raise the general cultural level of the younger generation of workers. Among these measures is the creation of a wider network of vocational schools that provide secondary education. Experience shows that workers with an average

38 "National economy of the USSR in 1975", p. 539; P. L. Rybalko. Activities of the Communist Party of Moldova to develop the working class and increase its social activity. Chisinau. 1976, pp. 37-38; "Zarya Vostoka", 4. XII. 1976.

39 "National economy of the USSR in 1975", p. 38 and calculations of the author.

40 L. N. Kogan. Developed socialism and the spiritual life of society, Moscow, 1975, p. 14.

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they master technology twice as quickly and take a more active part in creating new cultural values. At the beginning of 1976, there were 6,272 vocational schools in the country, including 3,000 graduates of general secondary education. In Ukraine, there are now more than half of them, and in the tenth five-year plan, it is planned to mainly complete the transformation of vocational technical schools into secondary educational institutions .41
The influence of the working class on the mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures is also due to the planned redistribution of workers. Each Union Republic trains its own personnel for the most necessary professions, but it is economically impractical to solve this problem in full, with all the necessary qualifications. In total, vocational schools train personnel in 1,100 working professions, but in the Kazakh SSR they are trained only in 250, in the Moldavian SSR-in 170, in the Kyrgyz SSR-in 150, etc. 42, and qualified personnel of other professions for them are sent from other republics in accordance with the state planned redistribution.

Taking care of the training of young workers is important not only in itself, but also because it is from the ranks of the working class that the main replenishment of the national intelligentsia comes. In the whole country, more than half of university students come from working-class and peasant backgrounds. In the Moldavian SSR, working - class and peasant students made up 67% of the total number of full-time university students in the republic in the 1975/76 academic year. Currently, only a third of the children of intellectuals join the ranks of the intelligentsia, and judging by the emerging trends, this proportion will decrease by about 1990 .43
The measures taken by the Communist Party to raise the level of education and culture of the working class, its consciousness and organization, contribute to the fact that it, as the founders of scientific communism foresaw, by its objective role determines the essence of the prevailing both material and spiritual relations, ideas and values of culture .44 At the same time, there is a steady increase in the activity of workers of all nationalities to create new values of spiritual culture, to strengthen its internationalist foundations, and to ensure the correlation of the international and the national in all spheres of life of peoples corresponding to the stage of building communism.

* * *

Along with the growing role of the Soviet working class, such a factor as the existence and development of the Soviet people-a new historical community of people - is becoming increasingly important for characterizing the socio-economic foundations of the interaction of national cultures. The XXV Congress of the CPSU, as is well known, specifically noted this circumstance, stating that the Central Committee of the CPSU in its activities proceeded and proceeds from the fact that a new historical community of people has developed in our country - the Soviet people .45 When we speak of this most important phenomenon in the development of Soviet society, we have in mind many other factors.

41 "National economy of the USSR in 1975", p. 555; "Materials of the XXV Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine". Kyiv. 1976, p. 48.

42 M. B. Batyrnikov, E. E. Lopatin, and C. R. Rozenberg. Socialist planning and development of production collectives. Alma-Ata, 1976, p. 10; K. N. Kulmatov. Op. ed., p. 35.

43 "Komsomolskaya Pravda", 26. IV. 1974; "Problems of development of the social structure of society in the Soviet Union and Poland", Moscow, 1976, p. 227; A. F. Kozhukhar, Ya. S. Yatsenko. Op. ed., p. 58.

44 See K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 3, p. 46.

45 "XXV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". Verbatim report, vol. 1, p. 107.

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objective factors include the nature of our system and the high level of development of our society, the material foundation of its progress created over the previous decades and the unified multinational Soviet culture, the steady increase in the leading role of the Communist Party, the theoretical maturity of its social and national policy, the high level of socialist consciousness and ideological conviction of workers of all nationalities. Consequently, we are talking about everything that is inextricably linked with the manifestation and development of a new historical community, everything that determines unprecedented opportunities for scientific guidance of the development and interaction of national cultures.

The special significance of the existence of the Soviet people as a community for solving problems of interaction of national cultures is as follows:

- the formation and consolidation of a new historical community of people is accompanied by the formation and development of a single Soviet international culture, and now only through the prism of its achievements and needs can we assess very, very much in ensuring the progress of each national culture;

- thanks to the establishment of mature socialism and the emergence of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people in all republics, favorable opportunities have significantly increased to develop the national culture of each nation and nationality, and to develop it on the basis of all the achievements of fraternal cultures, to exchange their spiritual values, experience in spreading new cultural values among the masses and involving;

- there is a certain correlation of the international and the national in the development of the whole society and each individual people, corresponding to this historical stage of the development of the Soviet people as a community, and taking into account this correlation and trends in its changes is a prerequisite for solving all the tasks of scientific management of the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures.

Especially important among these social consequences of the existence and development of the Soviet people is the correct consideration at any given moment of the correlation between the international and the national. It is determined by the degree of maturity of developed socialism and its inherent processes of formation of social homogeneity of society, the level of development of nations and national relations. The relationship between the international and the national is essentially an objective factor, and changes in this relationship are already associated with the subjective factor, and in unity they form the basis for the emergence and development of a tendency to strengthen the international in comparison with the national. This trend has a profound impact on the interaction of national cultures, on the essence of the development of international Soviet culture.

When describing the essence of the change in the ratio of the international and the national in the context of the development of developed socialism into communism, it should be borne in mind that this change, despite the steady gradual increase in the role of international factors in this ratio in comparison with national ones, does not mean the displacement of these latter. The point here is, firstly, that the change in the ratio is not mechanical, but dialectical; secondly, and this is the main thing-how international and national factors develop. The experience of their development over the past years of building socialism and communism convinces us that the international is developing at a faster pace than the national. The source of this very nature of development is that the international community is developing

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not only in itself (for example, the international features of the Soviet people and its constituent nations, along with the classes, and the international content of Soviet multinational culture), but also, most importantly, through the entire national context.

If we take and for the purposes of analysis isolate all the sources of national development of peoples conditioned by socialism, then first of all we should include the so-called self-development, that is, the manifestation of the social need for the development of all progressive national factors of peoples. Along with their own sources of development of national factors in the life of peoples, it is impossible not to see another source - the development of the entire national through the use of the achievements of other nations and nationalities. There is reason to believe that at the present time, in the conditions of mature socialism, the source of national development due to the strengthening of the internationalist basis, the absorption and transformation of the non-national is not only very important, but also more active, and often more effective, since it shows unity with the whole national more fully than in the first of these sources of development the socialist content of culture. This is precisely the expression of social need, which causes a tendency for further interaction of national cultures, their mutual influence and mutual enrichment.

Three factors must be taken into account when analyzing changes in the ratio of the international and the national in the social life of the peoples of the USSR: first, this change occurs slowly; second, it is uneven among different peoples and in different areas of their life; and third, it is largely subject to the influence of subjective factors, although at its core and it is undoubtedly an objective factor.

When describing the ratio of the international and the national in a given republic, it is necessary first of all to take into account that the population of almost every one of them is steadily becoming more and more multinational. Currently, the RSFSR, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Tajikistan already have populations of more than 100 nationalities, Kyrgyzstan - more than 80, and Moldova - 62. The same can be said about the autonomous Soviet republics - Bashkiria and Yakutia, for example, are now home to approximately 70 nationalities .46 The multinational nature of the population of the Union and autonomous republics is the main reason why the labor collectives operating in them are becoming more and more multinational. For example, workers of 63 nationalities participate in the construction of the Kama automobile plant in Tatarstan, the Nurek HPP in Tajikistan-48, Sumgait enterprises in Azerbaijan - 76, Toktogul HPP in Kyrgyzstan and the Volga Automobile Plant named after V. I. Lenin (Tolyatti) in the RSFSR-45, Yakutuglestroy enterprises in Siberia-44, at the development of the Samotlor oil riches in the north of the RSFSR, at the Severodonetsk Azot association in Ukraine and at the Ru-Stavsky Metallurgical Plant in Georgia - more than 40 each, at the construction of the Arpa - Sevan canal in Armenia - 20, at the Malek state farm in the Syrdarya region of Uzbekistan-34, at the Arikt state farm", in the Tselinograd region of Kazakhstan, -21, in the state farm "Druzhba", in the Crimean region of Ukraine , -17, etc. 47 .

46 A. N. Gladyshev. Edict op., p. 13; S. N. Imashev. The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi, 1976, p. 4. 14; V. M. Siradze. Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 7; R. G. Mammadzade. Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 41; K. P. Pulatov. Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. Tbilisi. 1976, p. 22, et al.

47 "Under the banner of internationalism". Tbilisi. 1976, p. 165; Yu. N. Yelchen-

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The scale of interaction between national cultures at the present stage can be judged primarily by the growing exchange of delegations of cultural figures, especially literature and art, which most often takes the form of decades, weeks and days of culture, theater tours, etc. Thus, over the past decade and a half, Ukraine has spent 10 such decades in other fraternal republics. They were held mainly on an exchange basis, and therefore there is practically no region of the Ukrainian SSR that has not been visited by professional or amateur groups of the fraternal republics over the past 2-3 years. In the Uzbek SSR in 1971-1975, 102 performances based on the works of authors from the fraternal republics were staged - among 620 performances performed on the stages of theaters of the republic. During the ninth five-year plan, 17 theaters from other republics toured in the Estonian SSR, and approximately 120 thousand spectators attended 235 performances staged by them. Over the past decade, theaters of the Estonian SSR have performed 120 performances based on the works of Russian writers and playwrights, and over 30 performances based on the works of authors from other republics. 48
In terms of analyzing the correlation between the international and the national in the cultural life of peoples, the specific weight of books and pamphlets published in the republics in their native and Russian languages, as well as translations of literature, are of interest. This interest is due not only to the importance of the problem, its significance, but also to the fact that there are some fluctuations in indicators in a number of its aspects. There is reason to believe that these fluctuations are only very small and only in some cases can be explained by changes in demand in the book market. They are more likely to be caused by the actions of certain cultural authorities, caused, in particular, by shortcomings in the development of the printing base, some difficulties with paper, etc. In 1959-1975, the publication of literature in the USSR in Russian - by specific weight, and not in absolute terms, which have grown very much-slightly decreased - from 81.6 to 80.4%, and in 1970. it was even lower - 78.9% - in the languages of other peoples with their own union republics, and there was also a tendency to a slight decrease in the production of literature in their native language - in 1959. this share in the respective republics (excluding the RSFSR) averaged 71.8%, in 1970 - 71.4%, in 1975-68.8% 49 .

To characterize the changes in the ratio of the international and the national in the life of the peoples of the Union republics, the picture of changes in the publication of translated literature is also very revealing. The essence of the processes observed here is that for a number of reasons, the number of translated works and the number of languages from which translations were made in the vast majority of the Union republics in the period from 1959 to 1975 was constantly decreasing. Among these reasons: the steady improvement of the entire translation business, the consistent implementation of the policy of using only qualified translators, the improvement of the selection of translated works and the resulting rejection of the pursuit of their quantity and concern for their quality, better consideration of demand in the book market, etc. print runs of translated literature. Over the years of the ninth five-year plan, the share of the circulation of this literature in the whole country increased from 14.3% to 15.8%, and the share of the circulation of translated literature

co. Edict op., p. 16; R. G. Mammadzade. Op. ed., p. 33; K. L. Dallakyan. Op. ed., p. 35, Pravda, 15. III. 1975; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 2. P. 1974.

48 Yu. N. Yelchenko. Op. ed., pp. 16, 20; A. P. Vader. Op. ed., p. 45.

49 The author's calculations based on statistical data on the development of the press in 1959-1975.

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in the republics of Transcaucasia in 1975, it was 40.1%, Central Asia-41.2%, and the Baltic States -42.1%50 .

The apparent inconsistency of the processes of publishing literature in languages is generally explained by the specific historical conditions of the development of the republics, although a number of aspects still need to be developed in order to fully take into account the existing interaction of objective and subjective factors affecting these processes. This also applies in general to the study of the significance of socio-economic factors in the development of the processes of mutual influence and interaction of national cultures, to clarify the place and role of subjective influence on this development. Without this, there is no and cannot be a truly scientific guide to the development of nations and national relations at the present stage, in conditions of increasing complexity of tasks and increasing scale of communist construction in our country.

* * *

From the above materials, two conclusions follow from their characteristics. First, over the past six decades of the steady flourishing and rapprochement of nations and nationalities, based on the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, very profound, truly large-scale and multifaceted changes have taken place in their cultural cooperation, in the mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures. These changes relate primarily to objective, socio-economic factors, but subjective factors also played an important role. Secondly, if we talk about the period of mature socialism, then the dialectical interrelation, the unity of the international and the national in the life of the Soviet people as a new historical community of people, and the unity in which the defining role belongs to the international, is determined not only by the socialist nature of socio-economic factors, but also by the high level of their maturity, diversity of the manifestation, its effectiveness.

The significance of the processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures lies not only in the exchange of artistic values, but also in the development of all-union methodological criteria for a unified approach to assessing what enters the union arena and what is used only within the republic. There are also common requirements for the levels of qualitative development of certain areas of national cultures, ensuring the comprehensiveness of this development, consumption of cultural values among the masses, participation of workers in their renewal and creation of new ones, and dissemination of all-Union achievements already existing in the country in the republics.

Analysis of the common spiritual life of nations and nationalities, national and ethnic groups suggests that this community is one of the cornerstones of the foundation for strengthening and developing the Soviet people as a new historical community of people. Of course, it would be completely wrong to say that the rapprochement of nations in the sphere of spiritual life is proceeding at the same pace as in economic and political life. It is clear that the specificity of this sphere and the most significant reflection of national factors in the life of peoples also affect it. However, the main and decisive factor in the modern life of the nations and nationalities of the USSR, in their success in building communism, as the candidate for the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus P. M. Masherov, correctly emphasizes, " is not what distinguishes them from each other, but what is common, characteristic of all the peoples of our country, and that in

50 Author's calculations based on the same data.

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at the same time, it encourages their further development towards ever more complete unity."51
In the conditions of developed socialism, which is gradually developing into communism, the urgent need of all national cultures is increasingly becoming that "going beyond the national-limited to the universal", which Engels called noble and which testifies to the success of the development of a single multinational Soviet culture. Leonid Brezhnev, in his report on the 50th anniversary of the USSR, noted that " common internationalist features are becoming more and more noticeable in the diversity of national forms of Soviet socialist culture. National values are increasingly fertilized by the achievements of other fraternal peoples. This is a progressive process. " 52 There are deep and diverse processes of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures. These processes are an integral part of the rapprochement of nations and nationalities that is objectively developing in the course of building socialism and communism, and strengthening their international unity. The mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures is a pattern in the development of Soviet multinational culture. These processes are deeper and more diverse, the higher the level of their development, the greater the achievements of a single multinational culture.

The above-described manifestation of objective socio-economic factors, which, of course, act in unity with subjective ones, determines not only the convergence of national cultures, their mutual influence and mutual enrichment, but also the steady deepening of these processes, an increase in their scope. At the same time, all this has nothing to do with the assimilation of national cultures, the leveling of their national specifics. In fact, the content of the processes is quite different. First, there is a convergence of the levels of cultural development of peoples, the activity of broad masses of working people in creating new material and spiritual values. Secondly, the differences between peoples in the levels of "consumption" of culture by workers,collective farmers, and intellectuals are decreasing. Third, there is an undeniable strengthening of the international content of the processes of development of national cultures, especially newly created values. Fourthly, the social significance of the best achievements of other peoples borrowed by each national culture increases, regardless of whether they entered the life of the nation or nationality without any changes or changed taking into account the originality of its culture. Fifthly, and this is especially important, on the basis of objective socio-economic factors and in the course of the conscious participation of the working people in the cooperation of the peoples for the creation of the material and technical base of communism, for the further development of the unified international culture of the Soviet people, the process of consolidating the already established and forming new international features of national cultures of each nation. It is the formation of these features, together with the constant increase in the number of values jointly created by nations and nationalities, that is the key to the constant increase in the contribution of the Soviet people to the formation of the future unified universal culture of communist society.

51 See "XXIV Congress of the CPSU: unity of Theory and practice". Vyl. I. M 1973, p. 316.

52 L. I. Brezhnev. Lenin's Course, vol. 4, p. 59.

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