The problem of the peasant movement in Russia during the period of disintegration and the crisis of serfdom is intensively developed by Soviet historians. Especially much was done in the study of this problem in the 50s-60s. The results of this work are reflected in two reviews of specialized literature on this topic 1 . Brief historiographical introductions are contained in some monographs on the peasant movement. However, there are no special historiographical works that generalize

1 See V. A. Fedorov. Historiography of the peasant movement in Russia during the dissolution of serfdom. "Voprosy istorii", 1966, N 2; his. Peasant movement in the national regions of pre-reform Russia. Voprosy Istorii, 1968, No. 1.

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there is still no information on this topic. The few articles that have appeared in recent years are devoted to particular questions .2
This review attempts to briefly analyze the latest literature on the problem that has been published over the past decade. In total, more than 120 monographs, articles, and documents on the peasant movement in Russia in the first half of the 19th century were published during this time, and new data were introduced into scientific circulation (further accumulation of specific material is underway). Although most of the works are written on local topics, it is also worth noting certain qualitative changes that have taken place recently: the problems have become broader and more diverse, a number of important theoretical questions of the peasant movement have been raised and developed, and the methodology for studying it is being improved.

Much attention is paid to the development of new methods for statistical analysis of the peasant movement. Researchers have moved away from simply counting the number of peasant demonstrations. Now we take into account the unrest that took place not only in the landlords ' estates, but also in the villages, as well as the number of their participants, the motives of the unrest, and other forms of struggle of the peasantry. 3 Statistical analysis of all forms and manifestations of peasant protest has become deeper and more versatile, and it allows us to give not only a quantitative, but also a qualitative description of it. In the late 60s and early 70s, the Ukrainian Historical Journal published a discussion about methods of statistical analysis of peasant protests, which resulted in a discussion of methods for studying the peasant movement of the period of late feudalism and capitalism. The tasks of coordinating research, developing a single criterion for accounting for the forms of peasant movement and a single methodology for their statistical processing were set .4
Considerable attention is paid to the characterization of various forms of the peasant movement .5 A number of studies are devoted to such a particularly common problem in

2 V. I. Babkin. Class struggle during the Patriotic War of 1812 in pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography. "Materials of the scientific conference of the Volgograd Pedagogical Institute", vol. 229, 1968; S. M. Shevchenko and I. Ya. Franko on the class struggle of Galician peasants during the period of decomposition of serfdom. "Historiographical studies in the Ukrainian SSR", Issue 2, Kiev, 1969( in Ukrainian); R. S. Popova. On the state of study of the situation and struggle of landowner peasants in the southern provinces of Ukraine on the eve of the fall of serfdom (1841-1860). "Some problems of socio-economic development of the Ukrainian SSR", Issue 4. Dnepropetrovsk. 1973; V. I. Tishchenko. Ustim Karmalyuk in historiographical literature. "Український історичний журнал", 1974, N 6; Н. Родоная. Historiography of the Georgian peasant movement in the pre-reform period. "Georgian Historiography". Issue 3. Tbilisi. 1975 (in Georgian).

3 B. G. Litvak. Movement of landowner peasants in the Great Russian provinces in 1855-1863 (statistical results of a questionnaire survey of local archives). "Yearbook on the agricultural history of Eastern Europe. 1964". Chisinau. 1966; his own. Opyt statisticheskogo izucheniya krestyanskogo dvizheniya v Rossii XIX V. [Experience of statistical study of the peasant movement in Russia in the 19th century]. On the statistical study of the peasant movement in Russia. "Scientific Notes" of the Department of History of the USSR of the Tula Pedagogical Institute, issue 2, 1969; V. A. Fedorov. Peasant Movement in the Central Industrial Provinces of Russia in 1800-1860 "Yearbook on the agricultural history of Eastern Europe. 1965". M. 1970; M. A. Rakhmatullin. The peasant movement in Russia in the 20s of the XIX century. Ibid.; Yu. Yu. Kakhk, Kh. M. Ligi. On the connection between the anti-feudal actions of the peasants and their situation. "History of the USSR", 1976, N 1.

4 See D. P. Poida. On the methodology of studying the peasant movement in the period of pre-monopoly capitalism. "Український історичний журнал", 1966, N 5; Н. Н. Лещенко. Improve the methodology for studying the peasant movement. Ibid.; B. G. Litvak. Coordination of the methodology of studying the peasant movement is a task of fundamental importance. Ibid., 1967, No. 1; A. G. Mikhalyuk. On the methodology of studying the peasant movement. Ibid., 1969, No. 9; L. G. Mulyavichyus. On methods of studying peasant movements. Ibid., 1971, No. 1; D. P. Poyda, N. N. Leshchenko. Class struggle in the Ukrainian countryside in the era of pre-monopoly capitalism. Ibid., 1971, No. 10 (all articles in Ukrainian). Unfortunately, the results of this interesting discussion have not been summed up.

5 A.V. Emmaussky, Forms of peasant movement in the Vyatka province at the end of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century. "Scientific Notes" of Gorky University, issue 85, 1967; E. K. Rozov. Forms of movement of landowner peasants in Russia during the period of decomposition and crisis of the serf system (based on the materials of the Tver province). "Scientific notes" of the Khabarovsk Pedagogical Institute, historical series, vol. 16, 1968; A.V.

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feudal Russia as a form of anti-feudal protest, such as the peasants ' flight from the landowner 6 .

Previously, the peasant movement was seen as a self-sufficient phenomenon. Now there is a tendency to connect it with other aspects of the historical process, to show the impact, on the one hand, of leading socio-economic and political phenomena on the struggle of the peasants, and on the other, of this struggle itself on government policy and the formation of the liberation ideology. The article examines the influence that cities, the industrial retreat, the participation of lower classes, various elements, and soldiers in the unrest of the city had on the peasant movement .7 Several articles deal with the problem of social contradictions within the peasantry and their reflection in the peasant movement .8 V. I. Krutikov and M. A. Rakhmatullin warn against modernization and exaggeration of the depth of social contradictions in the peasantry. Their works give concrete data showing that even in those landowner villages where these contradictions were more clearly manifested, they did not affect the change in the nature of the peasant movement. The peasants, as a rule, opposed the feudal lord in a single mass. But this did not mean that there were no differences in the behavior of poor and well-to-do peasants. While the poor part of the peasantry acted more steadfastly and consistently in the course of unrest, the well-to-do were usually a wavering, unstable, compromise group. Sometimes they were very active, even being the initiators of unrest, but at the same time they tried to limit the scope of the movement, to direct it in the direction of peaceful petitions. And yet, as these authors point out, attempts by the authorities to take advantage of the data on-

Kleyankin. On the question of the forms of the peasant movement in the Middle Volga region in the first half of the 19th century "Ogarev Readings at the Mordovian University, December 1972". Abstracts of reports. Saransk. 1973; A. V. Polonsky. On the question of some forms of the class struggle of the peasants during the period of decomposition and the crisis of serfdom (based on the materials of Belarus). "Problems of socio-economic development of Belarus". Minsk. 1976. This issue is discussed in detail in B. G. Litvak's monograph "Experience of statistical study of the peasant movement in Russia of the XIX century". The author identifies 49 forms of peasant actions.

6 V. V. Mukhin. Flight as a form of social resistance of the mining population of the Urals in the first half of the XIX century. (Based on the materials of the Vsevolozhsk fiefdom). "In the Western Urals". Issue 5. Perm. 1969; A.V. Kleyanki n. From the Volga to the legendary " Darya River "(from the history of peasant escapes in the first quarter of the XIX century). Voprosy Istorii, 1971, No. 6; T. S. Mansik. On the fight against escapes of artisans and assigned peasants at the Kolyvano-Voskresensk mining plants in the second half of the XVIII-beginning of the XIX century. "Bakhrushinsky readings, 1973", Issue 2, Novosibirsk. 1973; Yu. Yu. Kakhk. On the escapes of peasants in the second quarter of the XIX century according to the protocols of the Tartu Ordnunggericht. Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Social Sciences, vol. 22, No. 1, 1973( in English); A. Kurenagu. The flight of peasants in Western Estonia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Tartu. 1974 (in English).

7 M. A. Rakhmatullin. K voprosu o vliyanii raznochinnykh elementov na krestyanskoe dvizhenie v 20-e gody XIX v. "Goroda feudalnoy Rossii" [On the influence of various elements on the peasant movement in the 1920s of the 19th century]. Moscow, 1966; his zh. e. Soldiers in the peasant Movement of the 1920s of the 19th century " Voprosy voennoi istorii Rossii. XVIII-the first half of the XIX century. " M. 1969; his. The rise of the peasant movement and the reaction of the autocracy after the Decembrist uprising. "From the history of economic and social life in Russia", Moscow, 1976; A. G. Kolomoitsev, E. A. Shulman. Some issues of the class struggle on the Don in the first half of the XIX century. "Questions of Economics, History and Soviet Law". Issue 2. Rostov-on-Don. 1970; S. Ya. Borovoy. Legal status of the peasantry of Southern Ukraine and the anti-serfdom movement in the first half of the XIX century. "Problems of Jurisprudence", vol. 19. Kiev. 1971 (in Ukrainian); S. V. Dichkovsky. On the question of the participation of various elements of the city in the peasant movement in the second quarter of the XIX century. "From the history of the Tula region". Tula. 1972; V. A. Fedorov. Some problems of the peasant movement in Russia during the disintegration of serfdom. "Problems of the history of social thought and historiography", Moscow, 1976. The question of the impact of the mass anti-serf movement on the internal policy of the autocracy is considered by academician N. M. Druzhinin in the chapter "The mass anti-serf movement and the internal policy of Tsarism in 1826-1852". "History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day", Vol. IV. Moscow, 1967.

8 M. A. Rakhmatullin. On the question of the influence of the stratification of the peasantry on the character of its struggle. "History of the USSR", 1970, N 4; V. I. Krutikov. Some questions of the peasant movement in Russia in the period of disintegration and crisis of serfdom. "From the history of the Tula region"; S. A. Chekmenev. Social relations and class struggle of the Cossacks and peasantry in the Ciscaucasia at the end of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century. " Yearbook on the agrarian History of Eastern Europe. 1971". Vilnius, 1974.

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However, to create a split in the peasant milieu did not lead to success. The social stratification of the peasants only complicated the nature of the struggle, but did not change its direction, and the new type of contradictions affected only the methods of anti-feudal protest, the degree of determination and consistency of the various social groups of the peasantry that participated in it.

Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in questions of the social consciousness of the peasantry, which had previously been poorly studied. Many articles and monographs have already appeared, written not only by historians, but also by philosophers, philologists, and ethnographers who study the anti-feudal ideas and social psychology of the peasants, the views of peasant freethinkers, peasant demands, and their reflection in the ideology of revolutionary democracy. Topics are developed on religious forms of anti-feudal protest of the oppressed masses, on the essence of naive monarchism of the peasants .9 Much has been done to identify new sources for studying peasant identity. A systematic study of such mass material as complaints and petitions of peasants has been initiated .10 Folklore is becoming more and more popular, reflecting the ideas of the struggle for freedom, ideas about a free life without exploiters, glorifying national heroes-fighters for freedom, and preaching the traditions of peasant wars led by Razin and Pugache-

9 L. A. Kogan. Serfdom Freethinkers, Moscow, 1966; A. I. Klibanov. Sotsial'nye utopii v russkikh krestyanskikh dvizheniyakh [Social Utopias in Russian Peasant Movements]. Popular social utopia in Russia in the XIX century. Voprosy Filosofii, 1972, no. 11; izd. On the characteristics of ideological movements among state and specific peasants in the first third of the XIX century "From the history of economic and social life in Russia". On the nature of peasant demands during the disintegration of the feudal-feudal system and the first revolutionary Situation in Russia, " Yearbook on the Agrarian History of Eastern Europe. 1964"; V. N. Chistov. Russian folk socio-utopian legends. XVII-XIX centuries. Moscow, 1967; G. A. Kavtaradze. On the history of peasant self-consciousness during the reform of 1861. Vestnik LSU, No. 14, series of History, language and Literature, issue 3, 1969; M. A. Rakhmatullin. The problem of social consciousness of the peasantry in the works of V. I. Lenin. "Actual problems of the history of Russia in the era of feudalism", Moscow, 1970. On the question of the level of social consciousness of the peasantry in Russia. "Questions of agrarian history of the Center and North-West of the RSFSR". Smolensk, 1972; D. I. Raskin, A. L. Shapiro, and I. Ya. Froyanov. Naive monarchism of the peasants in the history of feudal Russia. "Theses of reports and reports of the XII session of the Inter-Republican Symposium on the agrarian history of Eastern Europe", Moscow, 1970; P. V. Ivanov, V. I. Lenin on the class struggle of serfs and the awareness of the working strata of the population of their historical significance in the life of society, "Scientific Notes" of the Kursk Pedagogical Institute, issue 76, 1971; B. G. Litvak. On some features of the psychology of Russian serfs in the first half of the XIX century. "History and Psychology", Moscow, 1971; V. A. Fedorov. On the question of the ideology of the serf peasantry. "Questions of agrarian history of Central and North-West of the RSFSR"; it. On peasant sentiments during the preparation of the reform of 1861. "Liberation Movement in Russia". Issue 5. Saratov, 1975; N. A. Minenko. K kharakteristike obshchestvennogo soznaniya russkogo naseleniya Severo-Zapadnoy Sibiri (XVIII - the first half of the XIX century), "Bakhrushinskie chteniya 1971 g." Vol. 2. Novosibirsk. 1972; N. S. Savkin, V. I. Lenin and value orientations of the peasantry. "Proceedings" of the Scientific Research Institute of Language, Literature and Ethnography of the Mordovian ASSR, vol. 43. 1972; T. D. Lipovskaya. On the question of the demands of the landlords ' peasants in the period of the first revolutionary situation (based on the materials of the Left-Bank Ukraine). "Some problems of socio-economic development of the Ukrainian SSR", Issue 4; V. G. Bazanov. Russkiye revolyutsionnye demokraty i narodoznanie [Russian Revolutionary Democrats and narodoznanie], Moscow, 1974 (ch. 4: "Narodnye tolki i krestyanskoe politicheskoe eloquence").

10 G. A. Kavtaradze. Complaints of peasants of the first half of the XIX century as a source for studying their social demands. Bulletin of LSU No. 20, series of History, Language and Literature, issue 4, 1968; T. D. Lipovskaya. Complaints as a form of class struggle of the serf peasantry of the Left-bank Ukraine in 1841-1860. "Some problems of socio-economic development of the Ukrainian SSR", Issue 3. Dnepropetrovsk. 1972; M. E. Sorokin. On peasant petitions as a historical source. "From the history of Siberia". Issue No. 13. Tomsk. 1974; V. V. Pundani. Complaints and petitions of state peasants of Tobolsk province in the first half of the XIX century. "From the history of the Southern Urals and Trans-Urals". Issue 9. Chelyabinsk. 1975. Researchers consider peasant petitions and complaints as a manifestation of social protest and as "a form of protecting the fundamental social interests of workers "(M. E. Sorokin), and note the accusatory nature of these petitions, although they are written in a loyal spirit.

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va 11 . It should be noted that another aspect of folklore research is also necessary - its effectiveness. Folklore had a great influence on the minds of the masses: it not only reflected peasant views and moods, but also was a form of protest against the injustice of the existing order.

Historians trace the evolution of peasant self-consciousness, the influence of leading socio-economic processes in pre-reform Russia. At the same time, there are certain shifts in the peasant worldview, in the development of peasant demands in the era of the fall of serfdom. The socio-utopian creativity of the people is very intensively studied, which is considered as "the first chapter in the history of Russian utopian thought". It is rightly pointed out that this aspect of the study of the national worldview "reveals in the face of the people the subject of socio-utopian creativity, and at the same time pushes the chronological framework of the development of Russian utopian thought"12 . The disclosure of the popular origins of Russian utopian socialism refutes the thesis of bourgeois historians about the "intellectual" basis of socialist ideas in Russia and their conclusion that the ideas of socialism are supposedly a phenomenon of entirely Russian bookishness. It is very important and promising to study how peasant views and demands were reflected in the theoretical constructions and program of the revolutionary democrats, in other words, to reveal the social base of the revolutionary democratic movement in Russia.

Of course, there is still much that is controversial and unclear about the study of this new and complex topic. There are various assessments of the level of peasant self-awareness and the nature of peasant demands. A number of historians deny that the peasantry has any ideological views and social beliefs. According to B. G. Litvak, "their (the peasantry's) own consciousness cannot rise above the understanding of the need to fight against the landlords." 13 M. A. Rakhmatullin is even more categorical in his assessments. "The peasantry as a whole," he writes, "does not understand the commonality of their interests, and among them there was no opposition of themselves, as a separate class of exploited people, to the class of exploiting feudal lords"and emphasizes that the peasantry" was not capable of waging a truly independent class struggle " 14 . According to M. A. Rakhmatullin, it is legitimate to speak only about the social psychology of peasants - the everyday consciousness, above which they could not rise. However, many historians believe that the peasants had their own ideology: a system of ideas about their historical significance in the life of society, about tsarist power, the role of the rural "world", about the ideals of a better life, that is, about certain, albeit in a primitive form, social concepts. "It is hardly correct, when analyzing the program requirements of the peasantry, to abandon the concept of" ideology", - points out Academician L. V. Cherepnin. "We should just keep in mind its historically limited nature." 15 A. I. Klibanov also emphasizes the existence of certain historically determined ideological ideas among the peasants: "The struggle of the peasantry against feudal-feudal rule was not conducted "blindly"; it was also carried out in a theoretical form within socially and historically determined limits. " 16 We share the point of view of L. V. Cherepnin and A. I. Klibanov.

11 P. Y. Miroshnichenko. Popular origins of utopian socialism in Russia. "History of social thought", Moscow, 1972. Class struggle in the consciousness of the masses of the people during the crisis of serfdom. Donetsk. 1975; A. V. Kleyankin. Ideas of love of freedom in the oral folk art of the peasants of the Middle Volga region (1st half of the XIX century). "Trudy" of the Department of History of the USSR of Mordovia University, issue 52, 1972; his. Freedom-loving motives in the works of peasants of the Middle Volga region (1st half of the XIX century). "Questions of history and archeology of the Mordovian ASSR". Part 2. Saransk. 1973.

12 A. I. Klibanov. Popular social Utopia in Russia in the XIX century, p. 108.

13 B. G. Litvak. On some features of the psychology of Russian serfs in the first half of the 19th century, p. 200.

14 M. A. Rakhmatullin. On the question of the level of social consciousness of the peasantry in Russia, p. 161.

15 L. V. Cherepnin. Some questions of the history of pre-capitalist formations in Russia. Kommunist, 1975, No. 1, p. 70. For his assessment of the ideology and program of peasant movements, see L. V. Cherepnin. Peasant wars in Russia during the feudal period. To the 200th anniversary of the beginning of the peasant uprising led by E. I. Pugachev, "Kommunist", 1973, N 13, p. 85.

16 And I. Klibanov. On the characteristics of ideological movements, p. 167.

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When assessing the nature of peasant demands, a number of works often suggest that the peasants (if not before the abolition of serfdom, then at least until the second third of the nineteenth century) were only in favor of improving their position within the framework of feudal relations .17 This essentially negates the anti-feudal character of the peasant movement. Numerous cases of peasant unrest, not only in the second third of the nineteenth century, but also at the beginning of it, as well as in the XYIII century, show that whatever their motives and whatever demands the peasants initially put forward, they ultimately advocated the complete elimination of serfdom. Were the peasant wars aimed only at improving the situation of the masses of the people within the framework of feudal relations? Almost all historians admit that the agrarian demands of the peasants played a huge role in the preparation and implementation of the reform of 1861. However, it is still debatable how far these demands went. One group of researchers (B. G. Litvak, V. I. Krutikov, T. D. Lipovskaya) believes that the peasants fought only for their "uncut" allotments, while the other (G. A. Kavtaradze, V. I. Neupokoev, the author of this article, and others) proves that the peasants also claimed land belonging to the landlords (who remained outside their allotments)..

Over the past decade, the history of the peasant movement in certain regions of the country has continued to be intensively developed. A series of works was published about performances in the central provinces of Russia, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and the steppe Ciscaucasia 18 . As a rule, all these works are written on the basis of izu-

17 See V. I. Krutikov. On the nature of peasant demands, p. 598. The author points out that until the middle of the 19th century, the protest of peasants was directed "against certain aspects of serfdom", with the predominant use of legal means of struggle. "In the first third of the nineteenth century," writes V. V. Chepko," the peasants did not yet oppose the feudal system as a whole - they did not demand complete emancipation from feudal duties, but only a reduction and bringing them in line with the ' law 'and inventory" (V. V. Chepko. Class struggle in the Belarusian countryside in the first half of the 19th century Minsk. 1972, p. 86).

18 E. I. Tereshchenko. Unrest of state peasants of the Shadrinsky uyezd of the Perm province in the first quarter of the XIX century. "Scientific Notes" of the Sverdlovsk Pedagogical Institute, collection 38, 1966; K. A. Buldakov. Class struggle of the serf peasantry in the first quarter of the XIX century. (Based on archival materials of the Kostroma province). "Scientific notes" of the Yaroslavl Pedagogical Institute, issue 58, history, 1966; Yu. P. Balashova. Peasant movement in the Moscow Province at the end of the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. "Scientific Notes" of the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute, vol. 191, issue 9, history of the USSR, 1968; T. I. Belenkina, D. I. Balin (essay on life and activity)," Scientific Notes " of the Komi Pedagogical Institute, issue 34, 1968 (about the peasant leader D. I. Balin); her own. New information about the struggle of the Komi peasants in the middle of the XIX century. Ibid.; A.V. Emmaussky. The struggle of the landlords of the Vyatka province for personal emancipation at the end of the first half of the XIX century. "Questions of agrarian history", Volgograd, 1968; B. S. Davletbaev. Peasant movement in Bashkiria on the eve of the abolition of serfdom. "Final scientific session of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Bashkir Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences for 1967". Ufa, 1968; G. V. Yarovoy. The struggle of state peasants of the Urals for land in the first half of the XIX century "Scientific Notes" of the Ural University, issue 9, history series, 1969; E. D. Kharitonova. Unrest on Permian salt caravans in 1813. "In the Western Urals". Issue 4. Perm. 1969; V. A. Romanovsky. The uprising in the village of Maslov Kut in 1853. "On the issues of political, economic and cultural development of the North Caucasus". Stavropol, 1969; G. G. Rabinovich. The struggle of Tver peasants against serfdom on the eve of the reform of 1861 "From the past and present of the Kalinin region". Issue 2. Kalinin, 1969; M. M. With te puk. Landowner Kannabih and his peasants. Ibid.; G. M. Deitch. Serfs and serfs. "Pskov region in the history of the USSR. Essays on History". Pskov. 1970; V. S. Godin and E. Ya. Dmitruk. "The Bell" by A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev about events in the Penza province. "Local history notes, Issue 2. Penza. 1970 (on the peasant movement in the Penza province in 1856); V. Kleyankin. To the question of the peasant movement on the Middle Volga in the last quarter of the XVIII century. "Proceedings" of the Research Institute of YALE of the Mordovian ASSR, vol. 43; N. F. Tyugaev. Class struggle in a serf village on the territory of Mordovia in the late XVIII - first half of the XIX century. Ibid.; M. E. Sorokin. The struggle of the peasants of the Irtysh region against the addition to the factories in 1798 "Local history of Kuzbass". Issue 5. Novokuznetsk, 1972; his. Unrest of the peasants of the Bychatsky volost in 1816 Ibid.; I. D. Kuznetsov. Akramov War of 1842 (uprising of Chuvash and Mari peasants). Cheboksary. 1972; V. N. Alferov and S. A. Chekmenev. The unconquered. Stavropol. 1974 (on the hundred-year struggle of the peasants of the village of Maslov Kut); A. N. Vakhrushev, On the question of Kamit Usmanov (1822-1824)."Questions of the history of Udmurtia". Issue 2. Izhevsk. 1974 (about the peasant leader K. V.). Usmanov); N. A. Mi-

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They also contain valuable factual data from local archives. Among them, one should especially mention the monograph by V. I. Krutikov19, which examines the history of the peasant movement in the Tula province for almost a hundred years and contains important conclusions and observations. The greatest number of works is devoted to the struggle of landowner peasants. At the same time, many studies have appeared on the anti-feudal movement of other categories of feudal - dependent peasantry: appanages, factories, and state-owned ones (mainly in connection with the reform of 1837-1841).

The peasant movement on the national outskirts of Russia is intensively studied. Local archives have revealed a huge amount of new documentary data on various forms of peasant protest. The struggle of the peasantry is considered against a broad socio-economic background, taking into account the national specifics of the studied regions. Historians no longer confine themselves to describing individual uprisings and uprisings, but instead examine the struggle of the peasantry in all its various forms and manifestations, and analyze peasant demands. A number of substantial studies on the peasant movement in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia have been published .20 These works note the connection of the demonstrations in Lithuania and Belarus with the national liberation struggle. It is worth mentioning the observation of T. A. Konyukhova and V. V. Chepko that residents of numerous shtetls that were previously located in the status of cities also took a wide part in the anti-serfdom struggle of the Lithuanian and Belarusian peasantry. If from the central provinces of Russia, runaway peasants tended to go to the outskirts of the country, then in the Baltic States, as Yu. Kakhk and A. Kurenagu, they were sent mainly to the cities, where they replenished the cadres of industrial workers. The ancient rights and privileges of large Baltic cities made them a safe haven for fleeing peasants.

Especially many works were published about the peasant movement in Ukraine .21 The article examines the specifics of the peasant movement in various regions of Ukraine.-

nenko. North-Western Siberia in the XVIII-first half of the XIX century. Novosibirsk. 1975 (chapter V "The liberation and anti-feudal movement of the peoples of Northwestern Siberia in the XVIII-first half of the XIX century"). A special collection of articles "Class struggle, social consciousness and culture of the Siberian peasantry of the XVII - early XX centuries"is devoted to the class struggle and social consciousness of the Siberian peasantry. Novosibirsk. 1975.

19 V. I. Krutikov. Peasant movement in the Tula province in the late 18th and first half of the 19th century. Tula. 1972.

20 See H. Strods. Causes of unrest among the peasants of the Ludza Starostvo (1832-1841). Izvestiya AS of the Latvian SSR, 1968, No. 4( in Latin); T. A. Konyukhova. Movement of state peasants of the Vilna and Kovno provinces during the Lustration period (1840-1857). Vestnik MSU, History series, 1970, N 1, ee. Peasant movement in the state village of Vilna and Kovno provinces during the reform of P. D. Kiselyov (1840-1847). "Yearbook on the agricultural history of Eastern Europe. 1966". Tallinn. 1971; her own. State Village of Lithuania and P. D. Kiselyov's reforms. 1840-1857 (Vilna and Kovno Governorates), Moscow, 1975 (on the peasant movement, see chapters 1 and 6); V. V. Chepko. Edict. op.; Yu. Yu. Kakhk. On the escapes of peasants in the second quarter of the XIX century; A. Kurenagu. Edict op. The peasant movement is also widely covered in general works on the history of Belarus and the Baltic Soviet republics.

21 F. I. Stebliy. Miron Stolyuk is the leader of the oprishkov movement. "Archives of Ukraine". 1966, No. 3( in Ukrainian), the same name. On the peasant unrest in Galicia in 1805 "Voprosy istorii narodov SSSR", Vol. 3. Kharkiv, 1966; his. Eastern Galicia and the Peasant Uprising of 1846 "Ukrainian Historical Journal", 1971, N5( in Ukrainian); his. Peasant movement in Eastern Galicia before the revolution of 1848-1849 "Ukrainian Historical Journal", 1973, N 6 (in Ukrainian). V. V. Grabovetsky. Anti-feudal struggle of Carpathian oprishkovstvo. XVI-XIX centuries. Lviv, 1966 (in Ukrainian); V. I. Tishchenko. Karmalyuk in the assessment of Y. Roll. "Materials of the 2nd Podolsk Regional History Conference". Lviv, 1968 (in Ukrainian); D. P. Poyda and R. S. Popov. On the history of the peasant movement in Ekaterinoslav region on the eve of the fall of serfdom (1841-1860). "Some problems of socio-economic development of the Ukrainian SSR". Dnepropetrovsk. 1970; R. S. Popova. On the question of the situation and struggle of the landowner peasants of the Kherson province on the eve of the fall of serfdom (1841-1860). Ibid.; A. P. Kryzhanovsky. Peasant unrest in the Volyn province after the inventory reform of 1847-1848. "Український історичний журнал", 1970, N 3 (на укр. яз.);

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regions: on the Left bank and Right Bank, in the southern steppe provinces, in Galicia and Transcarpathia. Most attention is paid to the struggle in the last pre-reform decades - during the period of deepening the crisis of serfdom, when the peasant movement acquired its greatest scope. Special works are devoted to the actions of peasants in connection with the inventory reform of 1847-1848 in the Right-bank Ukraine, the aggravation of the class struggle in the late 40s of the XIX century in the villages of Galicia and Transcarpathia (which were then part of the Soviet Union).part of the Austrian Empire), the protest of the peasants of the southern steppe provinces against enslavement. The theme of the oprishki movement in Western Ukraine is being developed in broad chronological terms; it was an old form of a peculiar partisan struggle of the working masses against their oppressors.

Historians also consider the anti-serfdom struggle of the lower classes of Bessarabia22 . The expansion and strengthening of noble land ownership in the region, the seizure of communal lands, and the attack on the rights and privileges of state peasants and colonists also roused these relatively free, non-enslaved segments of the population to fight. It should be noted that this aspect of the anti-feudal struggle of the peasantry is least studied.

The situation and struggles of private and state-owned peasants in Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ossetia, Adygea, Kabarda, and other regions of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia are studied in detail23 . The article analyzes the anti-feudal and national-economic status of the population.-

T. D. Lipovskaya. From the history of the peasant movement in Left-bank Ukraine on the eve of the fall of serfdom (1841-1860). "Collection of scientific articles" by graduate students of the Departments of History of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR and General History of Dnepropetrovsk State University, 1971; ee. From the history of the class struggle in the serf village of Left-bank Ukraine on the eve of the fall of serfdom (1841-1860). "Actual issues of modern science". Part 2. Dnepropetrovsk. 1972; I. G. Shulga. The struggle of the peasants of the Carpathian region against feudal-serf oppression before the bourgeois revolution of 1848-1849. "Culture and life of the population of the Ukrainian Carpathian region". Uzhgorod. 1973 (in Ukrainian); N. N. Leshchenko. Strengthening of the class struggle in the Ukrainian countryside in 1848 "Ukrainian Historical Journal", 1973, No. 2( in Ukrainian); D. P. Poyda. On the scope and character of the peasant movement in Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century. "Some problems of socio-economic development of the Ukrainian SSR", Issue 6. Dnepropetrovsk. 1975.

22 I. A. Antsupov. The struggle of the state peasants of Bessarabia for land (1812-1870). Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR, series of Social Sciences, 1969, N 2; E. I. Druzhinina. Unrest of the colonists of Novorossiya and Southern Bessarabia. "Problems of the history of social movement and historiography", Moscow, 1971.

23K . Chkhatoruishvili. From the history of the anti-feudal struggle of the peasants in Georgia. Bulletin of the Department of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 1967, No. 6 (in Georgian); I. Hasanov. Peasant unrest in Kazakh and Shamshadil in 1844-1845. "Reports" of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, vol. 23, No. 4, 1967; I. N. Tskhovrebov. Peasant movement in the Narsky district in the forties of the XIX century. Izvestiya Yugo-Osetinskiy nauchno-issledovatel'nogo instituta, issue 15, 1968. Gosudarstvennye krestyane Gruzii v XIX veka [State peasants of Georgia in the XIX century]. Vol. 1. Do krestyanskoi reforma 1864 g. Tbilisi. 1969; P. V. Doguzov. A brief description of the peasant movement in South Ossetia in the first half of the 19th century and the abolition of serfdom. "Scientific Notes" of the South Ossetian Pedagogical Institute, vol. 14, series of Humanities, 1969; "Essays on the history of South Ossetia", vol. 1. Tskhinvali. 1969, Chapter VI; D. M. Lemongjava. To the question of the aggravation of the class struggle in Imereti (30-40 years of the XIX century). "Proceedings" of the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute, vol. 2, 1969 (in Georgian, English); his. Anti-serfdom movement of peasants in pre-reform Georgia (30s-60s of the XIX century). Sukhumi. 1970; his own. An episode from the history of the class struggle in Georgia in the 1940s. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, series of History, Archeology, Ethnography and Art History, No. 4, 1975 (in Georgian). Agitation of the peasants of the village of Sabue, Kvareli district, in 1843. "Communications" of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, vol. 78, No. 3, 1975; B. Jimov. Peasant Movement in pre-reform Adygea (1793-1868). "Scientific Notes" of the Adyghe Scientific Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, vol.XI, 1970; M. Akhobadze. Anti-serfdom performance of Beshuet peasants. Vestnik of the Department of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, series of History, Archeology, Ethnography and Art History, No. 1, 1972 (in Georgian); G. Berdzenishvili. Social movement in the Muslim regions of Lower Kartli (first half of the 19th century). "From the history of social and economic development of Georgia in the 19th century". Tbilisi. 1973 (on gruz, yaz.); A. Kakhniashvili. Speeches of peasants of Western Georgia in 1829, connected with the call to the militia. Ibid.; V. P. Mirko. Unrest in Kabarda in 1825 "Problems of national history". Part I. M. 1973.

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the emancipatory nature of the movement of various oppressed strata of the Caucasian population: the struggle against local feudal lords (princes, beks, shamkhals), tax oppression and oppression of local authorities. New data are given on the peasant unrest in Edabard in 1825, the anti - muridist movement in the 1940s and 1950s in Adygea, the uprising of the Bzhedukha peasants (Adygea) in 1856 against the nobles and princes, the unrest in Georgia in 1843-1845 against the tax reform of 1843, the unrest of the peasants in Ossetia against enslavement, etc. strengthening the oppression of tsarism. At the same time, it is noted that the struggle of the peasantry of various national regions of the Caucasus did not take on a broad anti-Russian nationalist coloring .24
During the decade under review, a number of documents and materials about the peasant movement were published .25 Among them is a collection about the class struggle in Eastern Galicia 26 . It includes over 300 documents on the peasant movement extracted from the Central State Administration of the Ukrainian SSR in Lviv, as well as from some Polish publications. The documents are translated from German and Polish into Ukrainian. The collection is provided with a large introductory article, an extensive scientific commentary, and a bibliography.

So, over the past decade, the historiography of the peasant movement in Russia during the period of decomposition and the crisis of serfdom has been significantly enriched. However, unfortunately, along with studies containing valuable conclusions and observations, many descriptive works appear. The illustrative method of presenting the material has not yet outlived its usefulness. In many works (especially of a local nature), the authors try in every possible way to emphasize the "scope" and "persistence" of peasant actions, and to exaggerate the degree of "organization" and "consciousness" of the peasants. At the same time, a number of works prove that the peasants did not fight against the feudal system as a whole, but for a better share within this system. Therefore, the warning expressed in the scientific press against underestimating the historical role of the peasant movement and against its idealization is quite justified .27
In the study of the peasant movement in Russia in the first half of the nineteenth century, there are still many controversial and unsolved problems. Some of them were noted above. Among the most important and little-studied problems of the peasant movement are: the reflection in the peasant movement of changes in the legal status of the peasantry; the significance of the rural "world" in the minds of the peasants; the role of the community and its elected bodies, community traditions and institutions in the peasant movement; the methods of struggle of the autocracy with the peasant movement; the influence of industrial The theoretical development of such concepts as "naive monarchism of the peasants", "spontaneity of the peasant movement", which were historical categories and did not remain unchanged, is required. A comparative historical analysis of the peasant movement in Russia during the late feudal period and other epochs, as well as in other countries, is very important; the research literature necessary for such an analysis is very extensive. Finally, the historiographical generalization of the accumulated literature on the peasant movement should be closely studied.

24 See V. M. Mirko. Op. ed., p. 108.

25 B. Abalikhin. From the history of the anti-feudal uprising of the Kiev militia warriors in December 1807 "Archives of Ukraine", 1965, N 5( in Ukrainian); V. A. Boris. Anti-feudal agitation in Eastern Galicia in the second half of the 30s-early 40s of the XIX century "Archives of Ukraine", 1968, N 3 (publication of three proclamations to the peasantry); V. I. Babkin. New materials on the class struggle of peasants in 1812" Voprosy voennoi istorii Rossii XVIII i pervoi poloviny XIX V. " [Issues of military History of Russia in the XVIII and first half of the XIX century]. Moscow, 1969; I. F. Grek, I. D. Zbunev. New documents on the movement of Bessarabian Bulgarians in support of the second Broml revolt of 1842 "Izvestia" of the Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR, series of Social Sciences, No. 1, 1974; V. D. Chernyshev. Documents on the peasant movement in 1826. Voprosy Istorii, 1975, No. 8. (New documents on the peasant movement in the Pskov and St. Petersburg provinces, caused by the spread of rumors about Volya in connection with the change in the throne and the Decembrist uprising in 1825).

26 " The Class struggle of the peasantry of Eastern Galicia (1772-1849)". Documents and materials. Kyiv. 1974 (in Ukrainian).

27 A. L. Narochnitsky, V. I. Buganov, and V. P. Sherstobitov. XXV Congress of the CPSU and problems of studying national history. "History of the USSR", 1976, N 2, p. 23.

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