The wealth of Leniniana is inexhaustible. Multidimensional aspects of its study. "The personality of Vladimir Ilyich is so great and multifaceted," wrote G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, " that for many years to come they will study it from different angles, and while studying it, they will make new discoveries and draw inspiration for creativity." 1 . Lenin as a scientist is one of the brightest aspects of his activity and a fertile field for study. Unlike many bourgeois researchers, Lenin was not a desk scientist, and science was not an end in itself. His research was subordinated to the lofty goals of the revolutionary struggle of the working class for political power and building a communist society. Purposeful connection with the actual tasks of the political struggle, the ability, in the apt expression of A. M. Gorky, "to look at the present from the future"2 was carried out in Lenin's creative laboratory due to the consistent implementation of the Marxist principles of historicism and partisanship.

In formulating the principle of historicism, Lenin wrote: "The most important thing to approach this issue from a scientific point of view is not to forget the main historical connection, to look at each question from the point of view of how a certain phenomenon in history arose, what main stages in its development this phenomenon went through, and from the point of view of its development, to look at what this thing is it is now"3 . Another essential tool of scientific research - the principle of partisanship-obliged "to take the point of view of a certain social group directly and openly in any assessment of an event." 4 At the same time, Lenin emphasized that the goal of advanced science is to serve the working class, which represents the progressive development of society and expresses the interests of all strata of the working people.

Lenin's scientific work provides classic examples of the best, shortest ways to achieve truth. The study of such samples, as well as the entire source study experience of Lenin, is an urgent task of Soviet historians. The study of this experience began in the 1920s, along with the first publications of the materials of the Lenin archive. Much credit for this belongs to Lenin's closest associates. Their articles and memoirs reveal the characteristic features of Lenin as a scientist .5

1 G. M. Krzhizhanovsky. About Vladimir Ilyich, Moscow, 1933, p. 5.

2 M. Gorky. Collected Works in 30 volumes, vol. 24, Moscow, 1953, p. 377.

3 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 67; see also V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 49, p. 329.

4 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 1, p. 419.

5 A. V. Lunacharsky. Lenin as a Scientist and Publicist, Moscow, 1924; N. K. Krupskaya. On the question of Lenin's method of scientific work (first published in 1928). O Lenine [About Lenin], Moscow, 1971. Lenin's Work in Libraries (written in 1932)

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Soviet historiography has accumulated considerable literature about Lenin's scientific laboratory. The authors include researchers of various branches of science: historians, philosophers, economists, philologists, journalists, bibliographers, propagandists of Lenin's legacy. including cinematographers 6 . The main areas of research are the study of Lenin's range of scientific interests, methods of searching for and selecting sources for the creation of his writings, 7 and methods of his work with historical sources .8 Sets of questions related to the methodology of Lenin's work on the sources of certain historical periods or problems are investigated, 9 individual groups and varieties of Lenin's preparatory materials, 10 as well as the laboratory of Lenin-propagandist, 11 Lenin-publicist, 12 and other aspects.

The main sources for studying Lenin's scientific laboratory are his works: works, letters, and preparatory materials. However, as a number of researchers note, in most of Lenin's works, especially in journalistic articles and political documents, his huge work with sources is not visible 13 . It is most fully disclosed in the preparatory materials. Their significance, classification, preservation, and analysis techniques are covered in the following table:-

N. K. Krupskaya. On Lenin, Moscow, 1960. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich. Study of the laboratory of creativity of V. I. Lenin. Rapp Magazine, 1931, No. 3; M. I. Ulyanova. Preface to the collection "Letters to Relatives". Edition of 1930; see V. I. Lenin, PSS. Vol. 55; A. I. Ulyanova. About Vladimir Ilyich's letters to his family. Ibid.; M. N. Pokrovsky. How Imperialism was Born (printed in 1933). "Memoirs of V. I. Lenin", Part 3. Moscow, 1960; L. Fotieva. How V. I. Lenin worked. "Soviet students", 1947, N 4; V. Karpinsky. Lenin as editor. "Memories of V. I. Lenin". Part I. M. 1956; V. Adoratsky. How Lenin studied Marx; V. V. Adoratsky. Selected works, Moscow, 1961, et al.

6 See references: "Leniniana. Bibliography of the works of V. I. Lenin and literature about him. 1956-1967". Vol. II. "V. I. Lenin-the corypheus of Marxist science". Moscow, 1974 (section "Lenin's methodology of Historical research", pp. 173-175); "Problems of History in the works of V. I. Lenin". Index of Soviet historical literature on V. I. Lenin as a historian. 3rd ed., ispr. and dop. M. 1973.

7 G. P. Fonotov. An important component of V. I. Lenin's creative activity. "Soviet Bibliography", 1970, N 1 (119); Yu.P. Sharapov. Lenin as a Reader, Moscow, 1976.

8 "How V. I. Lenin prepared his works", Moscow, 1969; V. I. Buganov. Soviet literature on the methods of V. I. Lenin's work with sources. Voprosy istorii, 1970, No. 9; I. A. Mironova. Methods of V. I. Lenin's work on sources on the history of Post-reform Russia, Moscow, 1971; B. G. Litvak. On Lenin's methods of statistical analysis of political phenomena. "Source studies of national history". Issue I. M. 1973; O. M. Medushevskaya. To study Lenin's methods of working with historical sources. "Trudy" MGIAI, 1974, vol. 30, issue 1.

9 E. N. Gorodetsky. Lenin Laboratory for Research on the History of Soviet Society. Voprosy Istorii, 1969, no. 12; izd. Lenin is the founder of Soviet historical science. Istoriya sovetskogo obshchestva v trudakh V. I. Lenina [History of Soviet Society in the Works of V. I. Lenin]. Lenin Laboratory of Socio-economic Research. Voprosy Ekonomiki, 1970, No. 4; O leninskoy metodologiya v rabote na istoricheskimi istochnikov [On Lenin's Methodology in Working on Historical Sources]. Kyiv. 1970; V. V. Gorbunov. Lenin's method of studying the documents of the Second Congress of the RSDLP. Voprosy istorii CPSU, 1973, No. 6, et al.

10 L. A. Leontiev. On Lenin's "Notebooks on Imperialism". (Characteristic of V. I. Lenin's creative laboratory). Moscow, 1962; E. S. Vilenskaya. On the Leninist method of studying the works of Marx and Engels (based on the materials of the work "Marxism on the State"). "Questions of the history of the CPSU", 1970, N 2; B. M. Kedrov. From the laboratory of Leninist thought. (Essays on V. I. Lenin's" Philosophical Notebooks"). Moscow, 1972, etc.

11 A. A. Savenkov. The Art of Persuading, (From the creative laboratory of V. I. Lenin-propagandist and agitator), L. 1966; Z. V. Zhdanovskaya. In the creative laboratory of V. I. Lenin. "The Lecturer's Word", 1972, N 4, etc.

12 A. G. Tseitlin. The Style of Lenin as a Publicist, Moscow, 1969; A. Zapadov. Thought and word. (From observations on the literary work of V. I. Lenin). M. 1973; A, F. Berezhnoy. V. I. Lenin-publicist and editor. M. 1975, et al.

13 See V. K. Yatsunsky. Questions of source studies in V. I. Lenin's works on socio-economic history. "Problems of source studies". Issue IV. Moscow, 1955, pp. 5-6; M. A. Varshavchik. Source studies of the history of the CPSU. 1973, p. 161.

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literary works of publicators of Lenin's heritage 14, as well as in the research of a number of historians 15 . In the works of E. S. Vilenskaya, V. V. Gorbunov, B. M. Kedrov, L. A. Leontiev and others. The author traces the process of creating such works as" One Step Forward, two Steps Back"," Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism"," State and Revolution", as well as"Philosophical Notebooks". They also deal with certain issues of Lenin's experience in organizing scientific research, but they are not singled out as an independent subject of study.

In this article, an attempt is made to highlight this aspect, to consider some issues of the organization of scientific research that are part of Lenin's source study experience. The emphasis is placed on the organizing role of the methodological techniques that Lenin used in the process of bibliographic and source study heuristics and in the development of plans for his future works. Subordinated to basic methodological principles, these techniques played an important role in the creation of Lenin's fundamental theoretical works. It is necessary to refer to the topic for the following reasons. First, the organization of scientific research is an integral, guiding, binding, and cementing part of any creative work, including source studies. Its proper organization helps the historian to master a number of relative truths and thereby facilitates the researcher's path to the absolute truth .16 Secondly, the formulation of such a problem is of great importance for arming the mass of researchers with Lenin's experience in organizing scientific work. Third, without highlighting the aspect of organizing scientific creativity, it is impossible to consider the entire creative process as a whole.

Raising the question of the scientific organization of Lenin's work in the course of creating his works requires studying many factors, such as the sequence and interrelation of the main stages of research, the principles and techniques of organizing, identifying, selecting, bibliographing and recording materials, developing the structure of research and plans for the work being prepared, tracing the search for an approach to conclusions, searching for headings, etc., finally, organize the material before writing the text. Some of these factors go beyond the problem of organizing scientific research, although they are inextricably linked to it.

In Lenin's work on his works, two major stages can be distinguished: the study of the topic and the preparation of it for oral or printed presentation. The organization of scientific research at the first stage includes the selection of the topic, identification, selection, bibliography and recording of the material, as well as preliminary outline of the plan. But even at the second stage - in the process of preparing a report, lecture, book, or article - Lenin continued to study the topic. This work was expressed in the further development of the plan in accordance with the nature of the oral or printed speech and the characteristics of the audience, in clarifying conclusions, in writing a text or synopsis. The division is, of course, su-

14 See preparatory materials: "Treasury of great ideas of Leninism", Moscow, 1966; examples of work on manuscripts, notes on books: "How V. I. Lenin prepared his works", Moscow, 1969.

15 S. M. Gribkova. Extracts of V. I. Lenin from Russian Liberal-Bourgeois Newspapers (1913). Voprosy istorii CPSU, 1965, No. 11; A. I. Razgon. Preparatory materials for the seventh chapter of V. I. Lenin's book "State and Revolution" and Periodization of the History of the Soviets in March-September 1917 "V. I. Lenin and Historical Science", Moscow, 1968; Z. V. Zhdanovskaya. The significance of V. I. Lenin's preparatory materials as sources of the history of the CPSU. "Questions of the history of the CPSU", 1968, N 10.

16 See L. V. Cherepnin. Some problems of historical source studies in the works of V. I. Lenin. "Historical Notes", 1969, vol. 84, p. 95.

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gubo is conditional. Often, when selecting material, Lenin simultaneously commented on it, made notes on books, clippings, etc. While processing sources, he continued to collect new ones, thought out the structure and plan of research, and finally, as V. A. Karpinsky testifies, "he could work for weeks on a ready-made manuscript" 17 . The conventionality of these stages and their interpenetrating connection do not exclude their sequence. It can certainly be said that Lenin began by finding and selecting the necessary sources. He never started writing a text without a carefully developed plan, which, in turn, was formed on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the sources selected for research. It is also indisputable that Lenin never made a public statement on the subject, not having explored it deeply enough.

The starting point at the beginning of the research and its organization was the choice of topic. "What is particularly striking about Lenin, the theoretician," wrote N. K. Krupskaya, " is the choice of topic: he chose this or that topic not simply because it was interesting and needed elaboration, but because this topic was particularly relevant for the working-class movement at a given time. .. and every article, every scientific work was written on the most relevant topics for that time. That is why Ilyich's articles and books were a guide to action in the most direct sense of the word. " 18

A common thread running through all the stages of Lenin's research process is his principled, communist, and partisan approach and deep historicism. These principles govern all methodological techniques for selecting, recording and using sources, as well as all techniques for developing work plans for the created works. The results of Lenin's scientific research were reflected in a variety of forms: monographic works, journalism (articles, pamphlets, leaflets), public printed and oral speeches (speeches, reports, lectures, conversations, essays, interviews). The nature of Lenin's research work and its forms, of course, also had their own characteristics depending on the object of research. Studying questions of Marxist theory, Lenin materialistically reworked the Hegelian dialectic, took notes on the works and correspondence of Marx and Engels, and critically analyzed works on the national question .19 The study of the regularities of the development of capitalism in the era of imperialism and the agrarian question dictated the need to attract a huge amount of statistical material for Marxist analysis .20 And when studying and analyzing the internal party struggle, the main source base for research was party documents and the periodical press .21

Bibliographic and source study heuristics are the starting point of Lenin's research work. Striving to maximize the availability of factual material, Lenin drew on all available print sources, periodicals, information taken from correspondence, as well as conversations with participants in events. Huge search work with-

17 V. Karpinsky. Op. ed., p. 325.

18 Cit. by: N. K. Krupskaya. Leader, revolutionary, scientist. Voprosy istorii CPSU, 1960, No. 2, pp. 183-184.

19 See V. I. Lenin. Philosophical notebooks. PSS. Vol. 29; V. I. Lenin. Summary of the correspondence between Karl Marx and Fr. Engels. 1844-1883 Moscow, 1959; V. I. Lenin. Marxism on the State. PSS. Vol. 33; Materials on the national question: see preparatory materials in vols. 24, 25, 27 of the Complete Works of V. I. Lenin; "Lenin's Collection" XVII, XXX, etc.

20 See V. I. Lenin. Preparatory materials for the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia", Moscow, 1970; "Lenin's Collection" XXX; V. I. Lenin. Notebooks on the agrarian issue. 1900-1916. Soch. Izd. 4-E. T. 40; V. I. Lenin. Notebooks on imperialism. PSS. Vol. 28.

21 See V. I. Lenin. One step forward, two steps back. Materials for the book. PSS. Vol. 8; "Lenin's Collection" XI, pp. 261-318, etc.

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It was carried out by selecting and fixing the studied material 22 . How wide the range of sources that Lenin relied on in his writings is shown by such an impressive figure: over 16 thousand books, pamphlets, articles, periodicals, documents, letters, etc. in more than 20 different languages .23 And these are only the sources recorded in Lenin's works. The total number of materials viewed by Lenin cannot be accurately accounted for.

The huge amount of material he read amazed his contemporaries. "Since Mr. Ulyanov visited us," said the former director of the Paris National Library, who visited our country , "we have not seen a person who reads so much, and it is unlikely that we will ever see him again." 24 The testimony of another contemporary of Lenin, the American journalist Albert Rhys Williams, is interesting: "His sources of information are very extensive," he writes, " and give him a huge amount of facts. It selects, evaluates, and verifies these facts. And then he uses them as a strategist, as a mathematician, as a chemist dealing with social elements. " 25

Lenin began the selection, evaluation, and verification of facts by searching for bibliographic sources and continued them throughout the entire work on the creation of the work. Despite the difficult conditions of the underground, while in prison, in exile, in exile, Lenin sought ways to use reference literature. At the slightest opportunity, he turned to libraries. He was familiar with the collections of more than three dozen libraries in Europe and Russia .26 Entering the new library, Lenin was primarily interested in reference literature and catalogues of books. It is no coincidence that Lenin's assessment of Russian and European libraries is usually associated with the organization of a reference service in them that reflects the latest publications. In Krasnoyarsk, in the famous library of G. V. Yudin, he was pleased with the "complete collections of magazines (the most important ones) from the end of the 18th century to the present", so necessary for his work .27 In London, he admired the extraordinarily efficient information department and the fullness of the library of the British Museum, where it was possible to use the richest Russian department, including books banned in Russia .28 Lenin also praised the Swiss libraries, and was not satisfied with the Paris National Library because of the bureaucratic hassle of issuing books and because it "lacked catalogues for later years." 29

Lenin's personal library was very modest in the conditions of exile, underground and emigration. When , after the victory of the October Revolution, conditions allowed him to organize a permanent personal library, 30 he first of all took care to always have reference and current literature at hand.

Simultaneously with the selection of reference literature and a cursory reading of the sources of interest to him, Lenin conducted their bibliography

22 We do not address here the issue that has caused a wide discussion about frontal and selective methods of source survey (see V. V. Farsobin. Experience of studying the techniques of source science heuristics in the works of V. I. Lenin. "History and Historians". Historiographical yearbook. 1970. Moscow, 1972).

23 "Treasury of the Great Ideas of Leninism", p. 176.

24 Pravda, 22. IV. 1968.

25 "Memoirs of V. I. Lenin by foreign contemporaries", Moscow, 1966, p. 207.

26 See Yu. P. Sharapov. Op. ed., pp. 173-194.

27 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 55, p. 24.

28 See N. S. Karzhansky and V. I. Lenin at the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP. "Memories of V. I. Lenin". Part I, pp. 417-418.

29 N. K. Krupskaya. Lenin's work in libraries (N. K. Krupskaya. About Lenin. I960, p. 346).

30 See "Lenin's Library in the Kremlin". Catalog. Moscow, 1961; L. K. Vinogradov. Lenin's personal library. "The book. Research and materials". Sat. 5. Moscow, 1961; K. A. Mashtakova. Lenin Library in the Kremlin. Voprosy istorii CPSU, 1970, No. 3, et al.

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and recorded the selected material. "Lenin did not rely on his memory," Krupskaya wrote, " although his memory was excellent... He looked through the mountains of material, but what he wanted to remember, he wrote down in his notebooks. " 31 During the selection process, Lenin developed a whole system of recording the studied material, which can be safely called not only the organizer of memory, but also the initial stage of research itself. In Lenin's notebooks with preparatory materials, there are a wide variety of methods, techniques and forms of recording the studied sources and literature. These include various forms of bibliography, clippings, notes, notes, extracts, and various types of synopsis.

Beginning the preparatory work and setting himself the goal of selecting the necessary sources for studying, Lenin made notes on reference books and indexes, and then on books in his personal possession. The Central Party Archive contains more than 800 publications with Lenin's notes and remarks .32 Not all of them are published. Only about 650 books, articles, periodicals, and documents with Lenin's notes are listed in the indexes to the volumes of the Complete Works .33 A great deal of documentary material about Lenin's notes on books, newspaper clippings, and extracts is contained in the volumes of Lenin's Biographical Chronicle 34 . By studying it, one can get a fairly complete picture of what periodicals, including European ones, Lenin read, and what materials were in his field of view .35 Lenin's notes on printed library catalogues, bibliographic monthlies, and "Book Chronicles"indicate the directions of his bibliographic heuristics .36

Interesting observations on Lenin's notes were published in the early 1930s by V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, who gave several photo documents and the text of those pages of the "Book Chronicle" where Lenin's notes were located, with a detailed description of their nature and a statistical analysis of the notes on topics, from which it is clear which questions and books Lenin was primarily interested in, his requests were diverse, etc. 37 .

Based on the materials of Lenin's notebooks, it is possible to identify the variety of forms of bibliography used by Lenin as an organizing tool in scientific research. The very variety of forms is connected with the various tasks and stages of Lenin's work on his works. During the initial acquaintance, selection and systematization of sources, he compiled some types of bibliographic lists: selective, alphabetical, thematic, after their first reading - annotated and page - by-page indexes of sources, and in the process of their careful study-indexes of summaries of sources.

From reference books and library catalogs, he compiled selective lists of sources, sometimes with the cipher 38 . Lists called

31 N. K. Krupskaya. On the question of Lenin's method of scientific work (N. K. Krupskaya. "About Lenin". 1971, p. 274).

32 For the content of these notes, see How V. I. Lenin Prepared His Works, pp. 96-117.

33 Ibid., p. 166; "Treasury of the Great Ideas of Leninism", p. 175.

34 " Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Biographical chronicle". Tt. 1-7. Moscow, 1970-1976.

35 See G. N. Golikov. Chronicle of the life of V. I. Lenin. Voprosy Istorii, 1974, No. 4.

36 See G. P. Fonotov. Edict op. (photocopies of bibliographic publications with Lenin's notes, p. 16 - 17, 32 - 33, 46 - 49).

37 V. D. Bonch-Bruevich. Studying the laboratory of creativity of V. I. Lenin: his own. V. I. Lenin's notes on the book chronicle of 1917, 1918, and 1919 "Literary Heritage", 1933, N 7-8.

38 See, for example, the lists of 1909, 1915-1916 "From the books on natural science and philosophy of the Sorbonne Library"; "From the philosophical books of the Zurich Cantonal Library" (V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 29, pp. 340-342, 359).

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Lenin's "References to Literature", a large number in many notebooks with preparatory materials. Often they are inserted into the notes and extracts as evidence that Lenin constantly followed the latest literature and expanded the range of materials studied. There are about two dozen such lists in the "Notebooks on Imperialism" 39 . It is characteristic that most of the lists fall on the first notebooks. This suggests that Lenin selected and bibliographed the materials he needed at the beginning of his work, and then only supplemented them.

He organized selected lists from the catalogues of Swiss libraries40 and compiled an "Alphabetical List of Books", as well as thematic lists (for example, "Literature on the Militia" and lists divided into sections in "Notebooks on Imperialism").41 . Lenin also often contains bibliographic notes with some background information about the main character of the book , with a general assessment of the political direction of the authors, 42 with notes on novelties in literature and new bibliographic indexes .43 The annotated lists are very similar in nature and origin to Lenin's bibliographic notes. They reveal the main content of sources, the completeness of coverage of the issue, and give a description of the author. These lists were created as a result of first acquaintance with sources, but unlike bibliographic notes, they sometimes contain detailed extracts with indications of text pages, note numbers, and characteristic Leninist comments in the margins. The lists annotated in Lenin's notebooks often alternate with the usual sample lists .44

Lenin accompanied the bibliographic selection and systematization of sources with a cursory review or selective reading. Having selected the sources that he was primarily interested in, he began to carefully study, process and analyze them. In the organization of scientific research at this stage, it can be noted that Lenin did not immediately take notes on what he read, but compiled page-by-page indexes to the sources he studied. Very often, he resorted to such a method of processing sources as compiling a page-by-page list (index) of citations that he intended to write out. There are many such indexes on the covers or at the end of books that were in Lenin's personal use during his work on the Development of Capitalism in Russia, 45 on the cover with a synopsis of Hegel's book, on books on philosophy by I. Dietzgen, G. V. Plekhanov, A. Ray, 46 and others. Before making excerpts from Schulze-Gewernitz's book British Imperialism, he wrote down the page numbers in two columns and a word or two next to each digit describing the place or main content of the quote. Lenin did the same when reading A. Wirth's book " The World History of Modernity "(1916).47 Then, after finishing reading the book, he made extracts or notes, accompanying it with comments.

A similar technique - compiling a page-by-page index of the source during its first reading-was also used by Lenin when processing the minutes of the Second Congress of the RSDLP. He wrote a page-by-page index of speeches - " Sprechregister (Seiten)" - a kind of guide

39 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, p. 5 - 6, 9 - 10, 14 - 15, 16 - 17 24 - 25 50 - 51, 68, 184 - 185 - 188, 190, 191 - 194, 195 - 196, 258 - 259, 566 - 567, 570, etc.

40 "Lenin's Collection" XXX, pp. 266-278, 315-323.

41 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, pp. 566-567, 733-737.

42 Ibid., pp. 502, 577.

43 "Lenin's Collection" XXX, p. 249, 311.

44 See, for example, V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, pp. 49, 50, 436-438-vol. 29 pages 341, 359.

45 See Lenin's Collection XXXIII, p. 129, 152, 174 - 175, 317, 329, 370, 385.

46 See V. I. Lenin's PSS. Vol. 29, pp. 278, 454, 458, 525.

47 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, p. 423; "Lenin's Collection" XXVIII, p. 248-273.

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by protocol pages 48 . Page-by-page indexes to sources often served Lenin for thematic groupings of source materials for the purpose of his critical analysis and approach to the conclusions of his research. Conventionally, they can be called pointer plans. At the same time, they are intended as short indexes-summaries of sources. Thus, when preparing the book" The Development of Capitalism in Russia", studying the statistical data of the Pavlovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, Lenin groups the pages of the source under study by topic 49 . Lenin resorted to the help of the index plan in 1901 in the process of critical analysis of bourgeois literature and analysis of mass data of agrarian statistics. While reading S. Bulgakov's two-volume book "Capitalism and Agriculture", he writes its short page index-synopsis: in a column-page numbering and 1-2 lines of content 50 . Then he draws up a "Plan of objections to Bulgakov's book", an index plan. Here, too, the page-by-page index serves Lenin for thematic grouping of the source's materials.

The organizing value of page-by-page pointers to sources and index plans could be defined as follows: first, they allowed you to better understand the content of the source or the author's concept without being distracted by particulars, while maintaining a complete impression of what you read; second, they helped you select the necessary material for its synopsis and detailed research; third at any stage of the work , they provided an opportunity to quickly return to certain places of the source, make or update extracts and notes; fourth, they contributed to a comparative critical analysis and thematic grouping of the material, and also facilitated the transition to taking notes on selected sources.

In the organization of the research process itself, such initial forms of fixing sources as notes, bibliographic notes, lists and page indexes turned out to be a necessary tool for bibliographic and source study heuristics. Lenin continued to search for and select sources at subsequent stages of research, analyzing the source in detail and taking notes on it.

In the process of research and its organization, the synopsis was essential for Lenin. All Lenin's notes can be divided into two types: notes from the sources under study and notes from future oral presentations. In some cases, Lenin compiled summaries of his finished but unsatisfactory articles in order to identify the shortcomings of the manuscript and to revise it .51

Studying Lenin's notes is of great importance for a deep understanding of Lenin's legacy. While taking notes on a source, Lenin simultaneously reviewed it: he focused his thoughts on certain points of it, highlighting the main thing. Therefore, as he himself emphasized, "individual phrases and even individual words are incomparably more important in a synopsis than in a detailed and detailed presentation." 52

Lenin's notes are characterized by exceptional clarity, brevity and relief of the notes, which was achieved by various methods of accentuation and abbreviations. Lenin made extensive use of all kinds of selections. These include text underscores and strikethroughs-

48 "Lenin's Collection" XI, pp. 265-270; see the analysis of this document as an organizing working research tool: V. V. Gorbunov. Op. ed., pp. 18-19.

49 "Lenin's Collection" XXXIII, p. 329.

50 V. I. Lenin, Soch. Vol. 40, pp. 49-62.

51 See, for example, the outline of the article "Malice of the Day" and the plan for its revision. V. I. Lenin. PSS. vol. 9. pp. 405-406.

52 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 4, p. 40.

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In the margins there were double or sometimes triple lines, italics (simple to discharge, bold, bold to discharge), notes in the margins NB (pay attention), exclamation marks, crosses, which meant that it was necessary to specifically note the positions taken in a frame or in a double frame, etc. To emphasize and highlight the main thing, Lenin often used colored letters. ink and pencils 53 . The capacity of Lenin's notes was also created by shortening words, using certain mathematical signs ,and using a number of foreign words. 54

The manuscripts of Lenin's notes convey Lenin's lively thought in a concentrated, clear and colorful way. Visual study of the manuscript provides an opportunity to better experience the dynamics of Lenin's thought, the spatial placement of records, their color and handwriting scale. Without taking these features into account, it is difficult to determine the sequence of records and their relationship. It is no accident, therefore, that the initial publication of Lenin's synopsis sometimes needed to be clarified after further research, and it is also no accident that a deeper insight into Lenin's creative laboratory is achieved by those researchers who study his synoptic notes not only from publications, but also in the archive from photocopies of autographs. Based on the study of Lenin's manuscripts, Soviet cinematographers, together with scientists, created popular science films "Manuscripts of V. I. Lenin" and "Page One Hundred", dedicated to Lenin's work on the article "New Tasks and New Forces" and Lenin's "Philosophical Notebooks" .55 Cinema tools allow you to visually and dynamically show the essential elements of the creative process. The same purpose is served by photocopies of autographs of Lenin's manuscripts, which should be published more widely.

Along with studying the content of notes, Lenin's experience in organizing and using notes is equally important. At the very beginning of the synopsis, Lenin gave an exact bibliographic description: the title of the document or the name of the author, the title, the year and place of publication of the book or the exact name of the newspaper or magazine, the year, month, date, number, place of publication. The arrangement of the material on the notebook sheet had a specific purpose. In combination with accentuation techniques (italics, strikouts), the spatial placement of the material gave Lenin's notes an exceptional capacity and expressiveness.

A summary of the source's content, close to the text, alternated with extracts and citations. Lenin began each extract or presentation of a new idea from the work he was studying with a number in the margin, indicating the page of the source he was taking notes on. This made it possible to quickly find and select the synopsis material for use in relevant works or performances.

Fields play an important organizing role in Lenin's notes. In many cases, they are bilateral. In the margins of the upper-left corner, he crossed out the pages of his notebook, and vertically indicated the pages of the source he was taking notes on. Immediately Lenin briefly formulated the main questions of the abstract's content, giving his own subheadings. The fields to the right were used for comments and the formulation of short conclusions.-

53 See three-and four-color photocopies of pages of Lenin's notes. Synopsis of " Correspondence between Karl Marx and Fr. Engels. 1844-1883", pp. 20, 76, 100, 150, 312, etc.

54 For more information, see A. B. Berman. V. I. Lenin's writing technique and Leninist word abbreviations. Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Department of Literature and Language, 1957, vol. XVI, issue 6.

55 See, G. Fradkin. The living thought of a genius. "Art of cinema", 1960, N 4; M. Portnoy. Just the page. "Young Communist", 1970, N 5.

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It is also used for references to materials from other notebooks, making notes in colored pencils, and outlining new topics and problems.

In the organization of Lenin's notes, you can see a clear division between the content of the source being reviewed and the comments on it. Despite the fact that Lenin kept synoptic notes only for himself, and not for the press or for anyone else to read them, he took care that his comments, assessments, doubts, references, comparisons, etc.did not merge with the text of the source's synopsis. Lenin always preserved the structure of the work he was taking notes on, quoting, italicizing the original text, and marking the end of extracts with the words "all" and"end." 56 If the comments that came up didn't fit in the margins on the right, then he wrote them in the text of the summary, but put them in square brackets or in frames. About the accuracy of the presentation, he made notes: "My free transfer", marked with special signs: "Total" or stipulated: "My calculation", "my total", "my addition","this letter (number) was put by me in the table" 57 . Such an organization of the synopsis material helped Lenin to isolate his thoughts more quickly in further work, to return to them, to think about them, to develop them, etc.

However, among Lenin's notes there are "intermediate" phrases that are not taken either in quotation marks or in parentheses. The researcher of Lenin's Philosophical Notebooks, B. M. Kedrov, rightly warned about the need to learn to distinguish Lenin's notes of Hegel's thoughts from Lenin's own in the process of reworking the Hegelian dialectic58 .

The system of numbering notebooks and their page-by-page indexes was of great organizational importance in the research process. Almost all of his notebooks, as a rule, Lenin numbered and provided indexes of the contents of the notes. Thus, Lenin compiled a page-by-page index (table of contents) for the summary of the four-volume correspondence between Marx and Engels, noting the corresponding volume numbers. Detailed content indexes are provided for 15 of the 20 "Notebooks on Imperialism". The cover of the notebook "Marxism on the State" also contains a page-by-page list of notes on the works of Marx and Engels .59

The references to the source pages that Lenin gave in his notes were used to compile a thematic index to the notes of the correspondence between Marx and Engels. When Lenin had finished taking notes on the four volumes of correspondence, on the last page of the notebook, page 76, he highlighted the problems that most concerned him - the danger of bourgeois influence on the English working-class movement and the Irish question. By using Roman numerals to indicate the numbers of the correspondence volumes and Arabic numerals to indicate their pages, he gave a concentrated expression of Marx's and Engels ' thoughts on these problems against each designation .60

Thus, Lenin's system of indexes to the materials of notebooks and the organization of the notes themselves played an important role in the process of scientific research. It allowed, first of all, not only to navigate well in the collected material, but also to quickly find literature that needed to be returned for reference or comparative analysis. Secondly, make passing comparative references to the pages of the same or another notebook. Third, go back to previously collected materials to study the source from time to time.-

56 V. I. Lenin. PSS. vol. 28, pp. 414, 438, 544, etc.; "Lenin's Collection" XXX, pp. 26, 71, 213; XXXI, pp. 71, etc.

57 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, pp. 316-319, 546, 587; vol. 29, pp. 69, etc., Sot. Vol. 40, pp. 302, 313, 315, 323, etc.

58 B. M. Kedrov. Op. ed., pp. 54-57, etc.

59 See V. I. Lenin. Synopsis of " Correspondence between Karl Marx and Fr. Engels. 1844-3883", p. 2; V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 28, p. 3 - 4, 48 - 49, 179, 234, 249, 262, 299, 308, 349, 474, 520, 553 - 554, 634, 651, 701; vol. 33, pp. 123-125.

60 V. I. Lenin. Synopsis of " Correspondence between Karl Marx and Fr. Engels. 1844-1883". pp. 360, 422, etc.

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both sides and when working on a new problem. Fourth, this system made it easier to group the collected material and approach conclusions.

The organization of the study includes both methodological and methodological issues. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between them. The structural solution of the topic is a methodological issue. Questions of heuristics, organization and methods of fixing sources, development of the work plan and distribution of the collected material by its points are methodological issues. The development of the plan is related to the structural solution of the topic. Determining the structure of the future work, problem or chronological sequence of presentation often preceded the development of a plan. The correlation between the structure of the work and its working plan corresponded to the solution of methodological and methodological research problems.

While preparing a large theoretical work, The State and the Revolution, Lenin raised the question in the first draft of the book's outline: "Historical-dogmatic (a) order of presentation, or logical (b)?"61 . By the first, Lenin meant presenting the development of Marx's and Engels ' views in chronological order; by the second, he meant giving a problematic account of the issue. Lenin preferred the problematic (logical) construction, but it did not exclude the historical one, which obeyed the logical principle . In the development of plans for such theoretical works as" The State and Revolution "and" On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat", the application of the principle of historicism was particularly pronounced, which, in particular, was expressed in the internal structure of these works, where each historical phenomenon is traced in its main historical connection, through its origin, development and analysis of its essence.

When developing plans for oral presentations, Lenin chose a stepwise or concentric structure of presentation. The step principle leads the listener to conclusions 63 . Lenin used the concentric arrangement of the material in his speeches on more complex issues .64 He focused on one thesis, which he then not only repeated, but presented it in a new way, in close connection with other issues that served to justify and defend the main thesis. 65

Defining the structure and developing a plan is the most important link and integral part of Lenin's creative laboratory. Not one of his works was born without a pre-thought-out plan. The birth of a plan is the birth of an idea, a plan. A work plan for a future work is a good helper in successful source science heuristics and an organizing research tool. This is a kind of compass that does not allow the researcher to go off course. It is used to verify the methodological orientation of the study. It promotes the correct distribution of material and a scientifically based approach to conclusions. Working on the plan, its various variants, techniques for rearranging questions in it, highlighting the main thing reflect a creative search for the best solution to the topic. The dynamics of the development of work plans very expressively characterizes Lenin's search. Lenin was looking for what would be the best way to hit the target, what would be the best and most reliable way to convince the reader or listener. On the basis of these plans, Lenin rearranges the collected material, highlights the main points in it, looks for the best logical subordination of questions, and draws conclusions.

61 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 33, p. 308.

62 For more information, see E. S. Vileyskaya. Op. ed., pp. 54-55.

63 See V. I. Lenin, PSS. Vol. 9, pp. 328-330.

64 See V. I. Lenin's PSS. Vol. 18, pp. 5-6; vol. 19, pp. 427.

65 See A. Tarasenko for an analysis of these structural principles. Zhivoe slovo Lenina [The Living Word of Lenin], Moscow, 1959, p. 49.

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Lenin's drawing up of work plans for his works goes through all the stages of the creative process. He often made the initial outline of the plan even before identifying and collecting material, developing variants of plans in the process of selecting and analyzing sources, rearranging plan questions at the final stage of work, sometimes changing the structure of the work itself. Depending on the complexity of the topic, the number of variants of the plan varied from two to five for Lenin. Thus, when writing the pamphlet "To the Rural Poor" in 1903, he consistently draws up four versions of the plan, making sketches of plans for individual chapters. While working on the article "On the right of nations to self-determination", Lenin made five versions of the plan. Three times he changed the plan of the pamphlet "Statistics and Sociology", the book "The State and the Revolution" (not counting the plans for its division into chapters), the articles "In the Lackey's Room" and "On the Free Trade in Bread", four times-the plan of the pamphlet "On the food tax" 66 and so on. D. Lenin worked no less carefully on the plans for his oral speeches. While preparing the Central Committee's political report to the XI Party Congress, he revised its plan four times. Three times Lenin returned to the outline of his report "Five Years of the Russian Revolution and Prospects for the World Revolution", which he delivered at the Fourth Congress of the Comintern .67 These examples can be multiplied. The main purpose of reworking the variants of plans was to find the most convincing logical constructions that lead to conclusions.

The types of plans depended on the nature of the work being prepared: the index plan, which was already mentioned above, theses plans, and synopsis plans. Abstract plans are most often found in preparatory materials for works of a theoretical nature, including Lenin's oral presentations with abstracts. When presenting the main questions in the form of theses (1, 2, 3, etc.), Lenin grouped them using capital letters of the Russian alphabet or Roman numerals. Such are the methods of developing plans for the "Afterword" to the book "Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution", to the articles "The Proletariat is fighting, the bourgeoisie is creeping to power","The Boycott of the Bulygin Duma and the Uprising" 68 and others. Let's follow these techniques with some examples.

It is well known that Lenin collected and studied extensive factual material on the national question. But one of the notebooks - "National Question III" - contains almost no references to sources. These are the theses of an abstract on the national question (Theses from memory). They were compiled after reading the abstract in Paris and before repeating it in Liege in January 1914. At first glance, Lenin abstracts from the material he has collected and outlines a logically detailed outline of the abstract. First, he formulates seven main topics, designates them in capital letters of the Russian alphabet. Then he writes 47 theses, breaking them down into relevant topics. He divides some theses into points, marks them with letters of the Greek alphabet, and then uses these letters in other theses to compare similar propositions and facts .69 It is obvious that Lenin drew up this thesis plan not at the beginning, not at the end, but in the course of all his work on a complex topic. In developing the theses of the plan, he went from the general to the particular.

In a more complex way, Lenin developed a plan for another work - " On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat." Before the detailed plan of this unfortunately unwritten work was born, Lenin was looking from various angles for ways to approach the topic. In the development of the plan, you can note six steps:-

66 See V. I. Lenin's PSS. Vol. 7, pp. 364-372; vol. 25, pp. 435-440; vol. 30, pp. 389-393; vol. 33, pp. 308-315; vol. 39, pp. 444-446, 449-451; vol. 43, pp. 379-387,

67 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 45, pp. 409-418, 431-439.

68 See V. I. Lenin's PSS, vol. 11, p. 4. 391 - 392, 393 - 394, 397 - 398.

69 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 24, pp. 382-395.

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2. First, Lenin made rough sketches of some aspects of the problem, accompanying them with calculations of the specific weight of the proletariat in capitalist society (1), then outlined some of its theoretical aspects (2). After that, he sketched 33 topics on the dictatorship of the proletariat (3). After that, Lenin began grouping the material: he identified four main sections: A, B, C - "general", D - "Russian". He gave each department a wording and marked the numbers of theses of topics that belong to them (4). At the same time, he specifically highlighted general issues related to clarifying the concept and relationship between dictatorship and democracy. It was only after this extensive preliminary work that a brief outline of the booklet (with a division of economic and political issues and highlighting the main topics) (5) and then a detailed outline of the booklet (6)appeared .70

Lenin also used theses techniques for developing a plan when writing articles. The development of the plan for the article "In the Lackey's room" went through two stages. First: a list of 25 theses that Lenin planned to reveal in the article. Second: grouping these theses into seven sections. In particular, Lenin develops a plan for the end of the article, the last paragraph of which sums up 71 . ......

Lenin drew up his outline plans mainly for his oral presentations. Their special feature is the combination of developing a speech plan with a brief summary of its content. Such are the " Plan-synopsis of the report on the Second Congress of the RSDLP at the League Congress "(1903), "Plan for a propaganda conversation on crises" (1904), "Plan-Synopsis of a speech on the question of a professional congress" (1907), 72 and others. They also reflect Lenin's research work, as well as his plans and theses.

The distributive functions of the plan, its role in working out the structure, as well as techniques for rearranging the issues of the plan are characteristic of the preparation of both oral and printed speeches by Lenin. Using abstract techniques, he sought to reduce the number of theses in subsequent versions of plans, linking them into problem nodes. In the plans of the pamphlet "Towards the Rural Poor", he first outlines 16 theses, then, grouping them, reduces them to nine and stops at seven chapters .73 In preparing his report on the Paris Commune in March 1904, Lenin drew up three versions of the plan-synopsis 74, and by concentrating his thoughts, he reduced the number of theses of the plan: in the first version - 13, in the second-12, in the third-8. The main questions of the last version remain the same, but they are grouped, their formulations are shorter, more focused, clearer.

In the method of developing plans-summaries of Lenin's oral speeches, one can observe characteristic starting premises in the form of a question. They targeted listeners, led them to conclusions 75 . The organizing role of the plan is also manifested in the distribution of the collected material on problems at the last stage of research before writing the text and in the purposeful development of scientific conclusions. While improving the structure of future work, Lenin simultaneously seeks to see its ultimate goal and formulate its results.

The comparison of variants of plans of Lenin's works proves that he came to conclusions gradually, checking and comparing facts, highlighting the main directions in the study. The same method-

70 See V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, pp. 453-461, 259-268. For a detailed analysis of five manuscripts of the preparatory material, see T. V. Bataeva. Questions of the class struggle of the proletariat in the manuscripts of V. I. Lenin "On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat". Voprosy Istorii, 1975, No. 10.

71 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, pp. 444-446.

72 Cm, V. I. Lenin. PSS, vol. 8, pp. 447-452; vol. 9, pp. 390-391; vol. 16, pp. 478.

73 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 7. pp. 364-368.

74 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 8, pp. 483-493.

75 See V. I. Lenin, PSS. Vol. 45, pp. 431-439.

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there was an exceptional relief of Lenin's recordings. To highlight the main thing in the plans, as well as in the notes and theses, Lenin used various methods of accentuation. With the help of plans, he grouped the material for conclusions, honing the wording. To do this, links were made in the plans with the numbers of theses, notes "To evaluate", "mark", the notebook was divided in half, etc. Lenin used similar methods of organizing research for different purposes. He turns to such a technique as vertical division of the notebook in half in cases where it was necessary to identify and clearly formulate the essence of diametrically opposite views, or to note the sources confirming the corresponding theses of the plan-summary of an oral presentation, or when it was necessary to work out sharp, concise, refined provisions and conclusions 76 . The plans of the prepared oral and printed speeches reflect Lenin's concern about the regulation of time and volume, the distribution of material by the number of lectures 77, chapters, paragraphs 78 .

The organizing role of the plan in the distribution of data already collected by topic is clearly visible in the preparatory materials for Lenin's monographic works. Working on the outline of the book "Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism", he first makes a thesis, and then a detailed plan. In each of his points, he puts letters of the Greek alphabet and numbers, which meant in which notebook with notes and on which page of it you can find the material corresponding to the plan 79 . Using such a" cipher", Lenin could easily find the necessary material in notebooks and write the text in accordance with the sections of the plan. A similar principle of grouping and fixing the material in the work plan before writing the text is found in Lenin's manuscript of the third version of the plan of the book "The State and the Revolution". After dividing the book into chapters, Lenin begins to select the materials collected in notebooks for them. For chapter III, he compiles "A synopsis of quotations from Marx's work The French Civil War", referring to the pages of the notebook" Marxism on the State", and for chapter IV - "A synopsis of quotations from Engels 'work" On the Housing Question " 80.

A detailed plan with notes on the summary pages is actually an index plan that is close to the tasks of the last stage of the work, that is, its writing. But even in the process of writing the text, Lenin did not stop working on the plan. On it, he made control notes or cross-outs in colored pencil, indicating that the parts of the text corresponding to the plan were written .81 The different ink colors (gray, black, and purple) of the plan manuscript indicate that Lenin did not work simultaneously, but throughout the entire period of preparation for writing the text, on grouping the material of notebooks in accordance with the questions of the plan. The careful development of the plan and the grouping of the collected and analyzed material through it enabled Lenin to write the text quickly, "usually in one sitting, very often without blemishes, and rarely-rarely with some corrections." 82

76 See, for example, V. I. Lenin, Soch. Vol. 40, pp. 28-30; PSS. Vol. 11, pp. 404-405.

77 For more information, see Z. V. Zhdanovskaya. Preparing for a speech ... "Lenin is a master of propaganda", Moscow, 1971.

78 See V. I. Lenin, PSS. Vol. 28, p. 219.

79 See ibid., pp. 207-218.

80 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 33, p. 308 - 314, 316 - 317, 319 - 321.

81 See "Plan for Processing data from the German Agricultural Census of June 12, 1907", where Lenin drew a red line to separate the part of the plan whose questions are used in the text of the article " The Capitalist system of modern agriculture "(V. I. Lenin, Soch. Vol. 40, p. 373).

82 See Memoirs of P. N. Lepeshinsky and A. V. Lunacharsky in the collection "Lenin-Journalist and Editor", Moscow, 1960, pp. 311, 335.

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Finally, Lenin's work plans were excellent helpers in finding a title that would concisely, purposefully, and "accurately convey the content" of the work .83 These searches were combined with the development of a plan and were accompanied by a reduction in the number of words in the headings. Typical in this sense are four variants of the title of the first chapter of the book "To the Rural poor" with a reduction in the number of words from 10 to three 84 and six variants of the subtitle of the brochure "On the food tax" with a reduction in the number of words from 14 to 6 85 .

Thus, the organizing role of the work plan in Lenin's scientific work was manifested in the fact that through it he defined and formulated research problems, clarified the sequence, interrelation and logical subordination of questions, regrouped them, concentrating the theses of the plan around the corresponding problems, reducing their number and preparing conclusions. Lenin used the distribution functions of the plan to prepare the material directly for writing the text. The development of the plan contributed to the scientific search and analysis of the necessary sources, the search for headlines.

Thus, Lenin's organization of scientific research is an important component of his creative laboratory. Lenin's great erudition, high reading culture, bibliographic armament, and various methods of working with sources combined with a masterful ability to organize his work. The methods of organizing research noted above are complemented by"colossal concentration" 86, the ability to "read" and the technique of rapid reading developed from adolescence 87 .

The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of January 31, 1977 "On the 60th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution" indicates the need for a deep and comprehensive disclosure of the provisions and conclusions given in the works of V. I. Lenin.

Studying the methods of organizing Lenin's research work is crucial for understanding the genesis of his ideas, in particular his bibliographic and source-study tools. In the inexhaustible storehouse of Lenin's legacy, new facets will be found for a long time, new techniques and new combinations of them will be discovered. The current experience of studying Lenin's creative laboratory needs to be constantly updated and generalized. Further development of this important aspect of Leninism will be of great help to researchers and will contribute to the general rise of Soviet historical science.

83 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 43, p. 380.

84 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 7, pp. 364-368.

85 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 43, pp. 379-387, 205.

86 N. K. Krupskaya. Memoirs of Lenin, Moscow, 1972, p. 485.

87 See O. Lepeshinskaya. Meetings with Ilyichs. (Memoirs of an old Bolshevik woman), Moscow, 1968, pp. 10-11.

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